مجله ادبیات پارسی معاصر
سال چهارم شماره 1 (بهار 1393)

In this article¡ Qeisar Aminpour''s hypothesis about the return of the poets to their childhood is studied in the poems of Sohrab Sepehri¡ one of the greatest contemporary poets.
In his book titled “poem and childhood”¡ Aminpour refers to the comments by John Piagete¡ the famous psychologist and attempts to demonstrate that poem is a kind of return to the childhood. He explains the steps of awareness in a child and then writes about the most important aspects of behavior and thought in a child. He provides some examples of old and contemporary poets and shows their childish characteristics in their poetry. In this descriptive-analytic research¡ it is shown that Aminpour''s hypothesis is completely true about Sohrab¡ and so many aspects of his childhood are visible in his poems

Political and social satires are valuable sources enriched by subtle and delicate human emotions for studying social and political history as well as wisdom and anti-wisdom trends. On the other hand¡ this literary genre can be regarded as an effective tool for a revolutionary change and modifying perversity and untruth. Social and critical satires can be considered to be associated with rationality¡ socialization and participation in growing trend of social movements and democracy. By recognizing humor as an influential genre in critical discourse¡ it is possible to step forward to sociological literary analysis. Satirists state their implicit criticisms using literary devices in their satire and affect people and authorities¡ and especially elites. Satires written by K. Saberi published in “Do Kalameh Harf-e Hesab” column since 1984¡ are a good example of this type. In this paper¡ the way of using irony in creating humoristic pictures is shown. Irony is fewer in Saberi’s initial satires¡ however¡ it increased in his later works and his style became subtler¡ and subsequently it turns to be one of his stylistic idiosyncrasies.

Metafiction is one of the components of postmodern stories that attempt to make the reader aware of the story''s unreality as the author enters the story''s space. Bijan Najdi is an author who follows a postmodernist style in his stories. Using various bases¡ he tries to direct his writings towards meta-fiction.
The current research studies this component in three stories¡ namely¡ «Yoozpalangani ke ba man davideh-and» (the panthers who have run with me) ¡ «Dobareh az haman khiyabanha» (once again from those streets) ¡ and «Dastanha-ye natamam» (unfinished stories) by Bijan Najdi (1941–1997). In this descriptive-analytic research¡ the data are studied using the content analysis technique with a library research method.
The result shows that Najdi was able to make his readers accept the stories'' unreality by using techniques like displaying the arrangement¡ description¡ unrelated reasoning and mixing the real and fantastic worlds. He also tried to downplay the tricks used by realist novelists who do this to make their stories believable.

Foregrounding is a feature and characteristic of literary language by which the literary work de-familiarizes the real fact of the world as well as the familiar structure of the text. Foregrounding can be considered identical to verbal deviation¡ i.e. purposeful¡ impressive and targeted deviation from the general rules of the language. Graphological deviation is one of eight deviations introduced by G. N. Leech used by many contemporary poets to enhance meaning or secondary meanings to basic unit of language.
Nosrat Rahmani is one of the poets who have paid a great attention to appropriate writing style and its relevance to the meaning as well as the poem''s emotiveness in his poetry. Breaking the lines of the poem¡ anaphora (repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases (usually for emphasis))¡ stepped writing of poetry lines¡ utilizing figurative form of numbers¡ writing the letters of words separately and using suspension point or points of ellipsis (...) are all among the most important approaches from which the poet takes advantage. This way¡ drawings¡ sounds¡ normal form of speech and action¡ time intervals and extensions¡ reflection and contemplation manner and concealment of the word may represent a line or a stanza of the poem to the reader. Applying theses writing styles will add to the emotional impression of the poem; bring the reader to a higher level of understanding than the listener and involve him in composing the poetry.

«Dialogism» is the foundation of Bakhtin''s theory¡ the theorist of human sciences in 20th century. He brings up this term against monologism in literature and art. According to him¡ poetry represents monologism¡ but prose¡ especially novel is the representative of dialogism¡ which makes it the best literary genre.
Nima''s theories that are mostly expressed in the form of letter show his attempt to close the gap between poetry and prose¡ especially novel. Just like Bakhtin¡ he also believes fiction to be the space for different voices to be heard. Therefore¡ he changes the form of poetry to a narrative pattern and liberates poetry from the hegemony of individualism. Thus¡ he objectifies dialogic imagination in the poetry.
As regards theoretical basics¡ this article deals with the expression of the essential contents of Bakhtin''s theory like dialogue¡ heteroglossia¡ otherness¡ monologist and polyphony. Then¡ by conducting a comparative study of Bakhtin and Nima''s theory¡ the paper concludes that the best achievement of Nima''s poetry is the movement from the subjective and monologic poetry to the objective and polyphonic one.

The short story “Sharq-e-Banafsheh” is worth studying considering its eye-catching literary foregrounding, including parallelism and deviation. Each of the two concepts (parallelism and deviation) has several subcategories, most of which are easily found in the story. This characteristic can obviously reveal Mandanipour`s ability as a skillful writer in utilizing various literary potentials. The present article aims at answering the question, ‘What features have made “Sharq-e-Banafsheh” the most well-known work of Mandanipour?' To answer this question, the paper attempts to demonstrate different kinds of literary foregrounding used in this story based on the linguistic theory of Leech, while considering the prominent narrative elements that form the structure of the story. Actually, the writer is successful in making salient the theme of the story, which is an earthy-heavenly love. He has also pictured this love as mysterious by making his language ambiguous to some extent.

The works completed based on social commitment refers to a set of works that reveal the ugliness and tyranny of the oppressors in different political, cultural, economic and social fields and seek to transfer these concepts with an artistic language to their audience. In line with this, study of reflections of social commitments and the thoughts related to the home country in the works by committed artists is a valuable and remarkable investigation by the researchers of literature and sociology. This paper attempts to study the social commitment and home country-related thoughts in the poetry of the committed poets in the 20th century, namely Iqbal Lahoori and Abu al-Qasim Shabbi, and to introduce the common points and different thoughts of these two in the field of literature of resistance. In this study, the opinions and thoughts of Iqbal Lahoori, the Pakistani poet and scholar who is the last well-known Persian-writing poem in India, are compared with the thoughts of Abu al-Qasim Shabbi, the young Tunisian poet. It should be mentioned that anti-colonialist thoughts have a special place in the political poems of these two poets. However, Iqbal relied on his own philosophy and tried to awaken the Muslim nation, while Shabbi founded his revolutionary thoughts against colonist powers based on strengthening the will and determination of people in the world.

One of the most significant accomplishments in modern poetry is deviation from the standard language norms. Shamloo, one of the most prominent and intellectual contemporary poets, has used it widely as one of his tricks. Deviation is one of the most frequently-used terms in Russian formalists' theory. Yet, in some scientific contexts, terms like “defamiliarization” and "foregrounding" have also been used interchangeably. It should be however noted that although there are some common goals and similar usages, several noticeable differences exist and the differences give the deviation some unique characteristics. Normative language is a tool for communicating the message. In formalistic beliefs the level of deviation from standard language is an indicator of the literariness of the poem and gives it strength and beauty. Ahmad Shamloo has utilized the formalist teachings in his poems and has taken different forms of deviation. The present study attempts to investigate the deviation forms and categorize its symbols in the works by this great Persian literary figure.