نشریه پرستاری ایران
پیاپی 86 (اسفند 1392)

Palliative care appears to be an important concept in nursing practice. A number of definitions of this concept are available in the literature. The aim of present study was to analyze the concept of palliative care to identify its attributes، antecedents and consequences in the context of nursing. Rodgers'' evolutionary method of concept analysis was used to clarify the meaning of palliative care. Data bases of PubMed، CINAHL، Science direct and Google scholar were searched to retrieve the related literature. The main inclusion criteria were، the literature published in English language in the discipline of nursing. Literature search was limited to 2004-2013 with the keywords of “palliative care” and “nursing care” in the title and abstract of articles. The initial search resulted in 410 articles، 105 of them deemed relevant to our study. Then 25 articles were selected and reviewed. In this study، the attributes of palliative care were identified in two categories of end of life approach and general approach. The antecedents included necessities and facilitators، and the consequences were positive and negative outcomes. The results of the study identified the concept of palliative care. The findings، also، show that palliative care is an important aspect of clinical practice in nursing.

Family members of hospitalized patients experience a lot of stress. This study was performed to determine the psychological reactions of family members of patients hospitalized in critical care and general units compare with general population. It was a descriptive، cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of family members of patients in critical care unit، and general units of Zahedan Khatam Alanbia hospital (each= 135) and 135 family members from general population recruiting by convenience sampling in 2012. Psychological reactions including stress، anxiety and depression were assessed by DASS- 21 standard questionnaire. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and Independent T tests using SPSS-PC (v. 16). The mean score of stress، anxiety and depression of family members of patients in critical units was 12. 8 ± 5. 5، 14. 33 ± 5. 19 and 12. 29 ± 5. 76 respectively that was significantly more than family members of patients in general units and general population (p< 0. 001). The post hoc tests showed that paired tests of the mean score of anxiety، stress and depression in all three groups were significant α) = 0/05). So that the mean score of all three variables in family members of patients in critical care units were more than the family members of patients in general units and in family members of patients in general units was more than the general population. The finding also indicated that there are significant differences between the mean score of stress، anxiety and depression in spouses، mothers، unemployed، house keepers and women of family members of patients in critical care units and family members of patients in general units and general population (p<0. 05). Hospitalization of one family member leads to stress، anxiety and depression in family members. Therefore designing and performing family-centered interventions to reduce stress، anxiety and depression in these populations is recommended. Future research to study the factors related to these psychological reactions is also recommended.

lack of organizational commitment of nurses would lead to low job performance and consequently result in deterioration of hospital care. The aim of this study is to determine the level of organizational commitment of nurses in the hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2014. It was a descriptive، cross- sectional study. The sample consisted of 262 nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences recruited by random stratified proportion to size sampling. Data was collected by demographic information form and the 24-item organizational commitment questionnaire of Allen and Meyer and analyzed by SPSS-PC (v. 17) using independent t-test، chi-square and ANOVA. Organizational commitment of most of the nurses (%80. 9) was moderate. Among dimensions of commitment، the lowest score was related to normative commitment (%38. 9) and the highest score was given to continuance commitment (%42. 4). Organizational commitment was significantly correlated with age، work experience، employment and marital status (p<0. 001). Recognizing the dimensions and levels of organizational commitment of nurses to the organization provides an appropriate base for the decisions of organizations’ managers in different levels of human resource management process.

During the nursing education، students should acquire a wide range of knowledge and skills necessary for the nursing career. The main objective of this study is to explore time management in nursing students considering their obstacles and specific university education. Grounded theory was used as method. A total of 21 undergraduate nursing students were recruited by purposeful and theoretical sampling. Data was generated using semi-structured interviews and analyzed by constant comparison method of Corbin & Strauss (2008). in this study، “marginalization of the educational tasks” was one of the three behavioral patterns used by the nursing students. The properties of this pattern were: unwanted entry to the nursing major، stress and dissatisfaction with time pass، non-admission of the field، endeavor for stress reduction and getting satisfaction، and marginalization of educational tasks. According to this pattern، to cope their perceived stress، the students spent the main part of their time on non-academic tasks. The finding of this study highlights the need for planning to increase nursing students’ motivation to spend more time for academic tasks.

Considering the physical and socio-economic consequences of Toxoplasmosis، survey of the disease in women، before and during pregnancy is very important. The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women by scrutiny of anti-Toxoplasma gondii Immunoglobulins during prenatal care in the healthcare centers in Arak- 2010. It was a descriptive، cross-sectional study. A total of 308 women referring to 5 health care centers and during their prenatal care were selected by multistage cluster sampling. Data was collected by an epidemiological questionnaire and diagnostic techniques were done on blood specimens. IgM and IgG anti- T. Gondi were investigated using the immune-enzymatic assay (ELISA) technique. The study data was analyzed by chi-square test using SPSS-PC (v. 11). The seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM of the women during their prenatal care was 38% and 1/7% respectively. The highest incidence was observed in 20-24 year old women. Significant relationship was seen between total positive cases of IgG and IgM and history of abortion، consumption of undercooked or raw foods (milk، meat and eggs) (P<0/05). There was no significant relationship between the total positive cases of IgG and IgM and job، level of education، quality of vegetables washing، knowledge about disease، consumption of outdoor foods، and contact with cats. Considering the susceptibility of %64 of women to the disease in the early stages of their pregnancy، reducing the risk of possible complications by health education programs and increasing awareness to the disease and also assessing sensitivity to the disease for married or pregnant women during their prenatal period and doing more extensive research on this issue in the country is recommended.

Assessment of patient and parent satisfaction with nursing care is a method for evaluation of quality of care in hospitals. The aim of this study is to determine the level of mothers’ satisfaction with nursing care in Tabriz children hospital. It was a descriptive، cross-sectional study. A total of 168 mothers of children hospitalized in different wards of Tabriz children hospital were recruited by convenience sampling. Data was collected by Newcastle Satisfaction with Nursing Scales (NSNS) and analyzed by Regression coefficient، Pearson correlation coefficient، and T test using SPSS-PC (v. 11). The mean score of mothers’ overall satisfaction was 74. 77±18. 65. The items with lowest level of satisfaction were “nurses’ helping to calm and assure the parents and relatives”، “the kind of information given by nurses to the mothers”، and “nurses rapidity when they were called by mothers” respectively. Mothers were most satisfied with nurses’ helpfulness (4. 41 ± 0. 81). Mothers’ satisfaction was not significantly correlated to their age، level of education، job، Childs'' gender، age، number of hospitalizations، and health status at the time of discharge (P> 0. 05). Mothers’ satisfaction was significantly correlated with their experiences of nursing care (P<0. 05). The results emphasize the importance of supporting patients’ relatives and giving information to parents concerning caring for their hospitalized children.

Social support is a complex and ambiguous concept and also a critical element for new nursing graduates in the work environment. In this study، due to many uncertainties about this concept، the researchers decided to analyze the concept of social support of new nursing graduates in workplace to clarify its meaning using hybrid model. This study was done in three phases (theoretical، field work، and final analysis). In theoretical phase، the related articles in valid scientific databases such as PROQUEST، MEDLINE، CINAHL، SIENCEDIRECT، BLACKWELL were assessed from 1990 to 2012. In field work phase، nine nurses were interviewed. Then the interviews were transcribed and thematic analysis was done. Total analysis and comparison was done in the final stage. Based on the theoretical phase، the best definition and characteristics of social support was selected. Considering doing interviews with Iranian nurses، in addition to attributes and characteristics found in the theoretical phase، four major themes were immerged in the field work phase including: «facilitator of adaptation with working life»، «social support as a basic need»، «the factor of stress reduction»، and «a developing process». In final stage with the integration of the first two stages، more attributes of social support were manifested and the nature of this complex concept was discovered. This study showed that social support have been a multi-dimensional، complex، interactive، and reciprocal process between the new nursing graduates and their colleagues in the clinical work environment and have led to growth، skills enhancement، increasing confidence and flourishing new graduates and also feeling of satisfaction in supportive nurse. The findings of this study can be used to develop a tool t o assess the amount of social support in nursing work environment and would be a basis for further research in this area and to expand nursing knowledge.

General health is not determined just by disease and its treatment، but it depends on other psychological and social conditions. Among these conditions، personality trait، religiosity and happiness could be considered as the most important. This study aimed to determine the relationship between personality trait، religiosity and happiness with general health among nursing students. It was a descriptive، correlational study. The research population included all nursing students of Islamic Azad University of Varamin-Pishva Branch in 2012-13 academic years. Totally 140 nursing students (96 females and 44 males) were selected by stratified random sampling. All of them completed the questionnaires including Costa and McCrae personality trait، Allport and Ross religiosity orientation، Argyle and Luo happiness and Goldberg and Hillier general health. Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation and stepwise regression using of SPSS-PC (v. 19). neuroticism (r=-0/42) had a negative significant relationship with general health and extroversion (r=0/27)، agreeableness (r=0/31)، conscientiousness (r=0/22)، internal religiosity orientations (r=0/36) and happiness (r=0/27) showed a positive significant relationship with general health (P<0/05). In a predictor model، only neuroticism، internal religiosity orientations، happiness and extroversion predicted 37 percent of general health. The share of neuroticism was higher compared to other variables. According to the findings، neuroticism، internal religiosity orientations، happiness and extroversion were the most important predictors of general health. Therefore، it is suggested that planners، therapists and psychosocial counselors consider the symptoms of these variables and design appropriate programs to improve the general health of nursing students.