Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences
Volume:4 Issue: 2, 2014

Gene families are considered as groups of homologous genes which they share very similar sequences and they may have identical functions. Members of gene families may be found in tandem repeats or interspersed through the genome. These sequences are copies of the ancestral genes which have underwent changes. The multiple copies of each gene in a family were constructed based on gene duplications and reverse transcription in the genome, which in turn, would give rise to gene variability in an individual or population. Furthermore, it would provide the cell`s vital demands for duplication, transcription, and translation. Differences in family size due to gene duplication and gene loss in cell-specific lineages may provide insights of evolutionary forces that have shaped the mammalian genome. Positive selection and concerted evolution are the main forces and the original candidates of shaping gene families and their larger partner, gene superfamily.

Vaccination is one of the best methods of prevention against hepatitis B virus. With respect to various vaccines against this virus and based on the differences of selected factors of immunogenicity, various studies on different groups in different locations is necessary. In present research, therefore the titer amount value of antibody against surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (anti-HBs) was determined and its relation with different factors among medical staff was investigated. This study is descriptive observational, retrospective which is conducted using questionnaire and serology tests. 146 persons of medical staff of Shahid Madani Hospital of Tabriz, Iran were the population. The sample size was selected based on the high risk group. Anti-HBs value was measured based on ELISA method. Out of 146 subjects, 32 persons (24%) had no protective titers (anti-HBs<10 MIU/ML), 38 persons (25.3%) had relative protective titers (10≤anti-HBs≤100 MIU/ML), and 76 persons (50.7%) had complete protective titers (anti-HBs>10 MIU/ML). It was indicated that there was a significant relation between antibody titer and age, smoking, and the injection of full dose of vaccine (p<0.05). However, there was no statistical significant relation between level of safety and age, have a contact with patient, and the time elapsed since the last vaccination (p>0.05). Since the medical staff is in the high risk group, full training and vaccination is recommended and their anti-HBs should be analyzed annually and if necessary, revaccination in older ones should be done.

This study was designed to investigate the causes and factors related to natural childbirth among pregnant women who attended prenatal care of Arak. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 595 women who attended to prenatal care of Arak. Five hospitals were selected randomly. Only the pregnant women who wish to complete the questionnaire were enrolled in the study. The data were analyzed using chi-square test, t-test, the Mann-Whitney –u test, x2, Friedman Test through SPSS16 software. The average sample age was 26 ±5.3 years. The mean score for nulliparous women on the Fear of Childbirth Questionnaire (26.2 ± 7.8) was significantly higher than that of multiparous women (23.9 ± 7.9), p<0.0 01. There was a significant difference between the scores of childbirth, women who chose the caesarian 27.5 ±5.1 and the women who chose natural childbirth 24.1±3.2 p= (0.02). The results indicated that the most common cause of fear was of the possible harm to the baby 77.9% (459). As far as the women’s fear regarding child birth were mostly higher among nulliparous and cesarean women, it is recommended to make them aware about the causes of fear and provide consulting services in order to reduce the demand of caesarean as a way of childbirth.

The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation nursing care on Fatigue and QOL in patients with COPD. This study was a semi experimental research. The samples were consisted of 36 patients who were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria into control and experimental groups through random block sampling. For each of the experimental group 3 sessions of 1 hour raining over three consecutive days were done individually and it continuous up to 7 days after the patients discharged from the hospital. However, the control group was under the regular manner. Fatigue and quality of life in both groups before the intervention and 7 weeks after discharge using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and quality of life questionnaire SF-12 were compared. The data were analyzed through inferential and descriptive statistic (Independent and paired t-test, chi-square and covariance analysis). Eta squared values ​​obtained in this experiment also showed that the effect of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation program on fatigue (89%) is greater than the quality of life (50%), respectively. As the findings indicate, the effect of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation nursing care, which has the decreasing factor on fatigue is more than the quality of life in patients with COPD.

As far as no study has been done on the prevalence of parasitic infections in Saveh, Markazi Province, Iran, the current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in rural areas of Saveh during 2005-2006. 755 people were selected and examined randomly through systematic cluster sampling for intestinal parasites using formalin ether sedimentation technique, as well as direct smear for the diarrheic samples. In general, 14% of individuals were infected with intestinal parasites. The rate of infection with protozoa and helminth parasites were 13.3% and 0.7%, respectively. The infection rate of each parasite species were as follows: Entamoeba coli 5.9%, Giardia lamblia 5.6%, Blastocystis hominis 1.6%, Iodamoeba butchli 0.1%, Chilomastix mesnili 0.1%, Hymenolepis nana 0.3%, Enterobius vermicularis 0.3% and Taenia 0.1%. Comparing the prevalence of intestinal parasites in other parts of the country, especially the rural areas, it is found that the prevalence was lower in Saveh, which is prominent for helminthes parasites. Considering that Saveh is known as a healthy city, the efficient health services in this area is concluded from the obtained results. Therefore, providing treated safe water and sanitation for the reduction of parasites, especially Giardia are recommended in the study area.

Regulating body temperature of premature infants and preparing them a desirable physical condition for completing physical and mental development is essential. Using a system that guarantees neonate’s health in incubator at first birth hours is cardinal. In this method, a set of non-contact infrared sensors and microcontrollers regulate neonate’s body temperature without skin sensor. Temperatures were converted to digital data after mean evaluation. They were sent to digital microcontroller for user's settings and functional orders of internal conversion system of incubator. In this study, an intelligent system is presented for controlling body temperature of premature infants in incubators without skin sensors. This technique causes incubator’s proper performance and safety. It prevents damages to brain and other organs of premature neonates and reduces neurological disorders of these infants.

The relationship between vitamin D3 and risk factors of metabolic syndrome is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the vitamin D3 kevel of women and its relation with metabolic syndrome risk factors. A cross-sectional study conducted between 200 healthy women aged 20 to 50 in two groups of normal BMI (BMI=18.5-24.9 kg/m2) and overweight/obese group (BMI≥25 kg/m2) who did not use mineral and vitamin supplementation. A fasting blood sample after 10 to 12 hour collected for fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol and vitamin D3(25 OH D3) and weight, height, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured. The mean of 89 obese subjects and 76 normal weight ones were 36±9 years old. The mean of 25 hydroxy vitamin D3 was not significantly different between the two groups; 22.3±19.9 ng/ml for normal weight group and 16.5±11.4 ng/ml for the obese one (p=0.31). HDL-cholesterol (r=.25, p<0.05) and waist circumference (r=-.14, p<0.05) were related to vitamin D3 levels significantly which repeated after BMI (body mass index) adjustment The results indicated that although the total amount of vitamin D3 were not significantly different between the two groups but more than 80 percent of women in both groups were deficient in vitamin D3 which is a noteworthy issue based on the findings of the study.

Histamine poisoning which is induced from seafood is the most common disease around the world. Determining the amount of histamine in canned tuna fish shows not only the healthy quality of fish, but also it is effective in protecting the health and safety of the consumers. In this cross-sectional study, 60 samples of histamine content canned tuna fish marketed in supermarkets of Tabriz city was analyzed through ELISA method. Histamine levels in the samples were compared based on the time between the production and the production seasonwith limited range. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16. Histamine levels between 5-200.3 mg/kg were different. Histamine levelin canned food was 30 % lower and 70% higher than the permissible limit (50 mg kg) in some cans. Histamine levels in canned tuna produced in North and South regions were statistically significant (p<0.05).Canned tuna fish produced in summer and autumn, respectively, had the highest and lowest levels of histamine. According to high percentage of canned tuna, which have histamine more than permissible limit, the risk of histamine toxicity is there for consumers of such kind of food.

Milk and dairy products are good nutritional environments for bacterial growth. Different types of bacteria can quickly contaminate them and as a result, these products cause disease in human after transmission. Staphylococcus aureus is among the bacteria of milk and dairy products that cause disease in human. With regard to the point that traditional cheese(unpasteurized) is produced in not a sanitary situation among the residents of border and rural areas of northwest of Iran, the objective of this study was to evaluate the contamination rate, sensibility and antimicrobial resistance patterns in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from traditional cheese consumed in Qotur of khoy province. This cross-sectional study was performed on 80 cheese samples provided from different dairy products stores of Qotur town in Khoy city during in the first six months of the year 2011. After collecting the samples, they were transported to the laboratory. among 80 studied samples, 16 samples (20%), 40 samples (50%), and24 samples (30%) were produced from cow milk, sheep milk, and a mixture of cow and sheep milk, respectively. 40 samples (50%) showed contamination by Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotic resistances to Methicillin, Tetracycline and Cotrimoxazole, and Oxacilina were seen in four samples (9.3%), two samples (4.65%), and one sample (2.33%), respectively. Considering the high contamination rate of traditional cheese by Staphylococcus aureus in this area, respective experts should control its production and distribution. Efficient informing about the risk of using these products seems necessary.

Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginitis among women of reproductive ages. This study evaluated demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with bacterial vaginosis to help diagnosis of patients referring to Ahvaz Amir Almoomenin hospital. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 120 non-pregnant women of 15-45 years in reproductive ages referring to Ahwaz Amir Almoomenin hospital were included after confirmed diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis based on Amsel criteria. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used for data analysis. 120 women with bacterial vaginosis were studied. The mean age for bacterial vaginosis was 31.3 years. 68.3% had sexual activity before 20 years. Their most common complaints were malodor discharge (60%) and increased vaginal discharge (33.3%). Whiff test was positive in 95.83% of patients. More than 20% of clue cells were in 96.6% of them.. The discharge PH was greater than or equal to 4.5. The patiensts most common complaints were malodor discharge and increased vaginal discharge, respectively. These symptoms help widely to diagnose bacterial vaginosis besides vaginal discharge PH and whiff test.

Ignoring pain especially in infancy causes serious complications. Considering recent studies about sedative effect of breast-feeding and oral glucose on neonates, this study was performed to survey each method after neonatal period. This study is a triple blind clinical trial on 211 infants aged 2, 4,and 6 months, which were randomly categorized into control, breast-fed, and oral glucose groups. Interventions were performed two minutes before injecting DPT vaccine. The infants’ reactions were recorded before, during, and after intervention. Two experts evaluated pain intensity by Modified Behavioral Pain Scale (MBPS). The crying duration was measure by chronometer in second. Pain intensities for breast-fed, oral glucose, and control groups were 5.77±0.18, 6.63±0.16, and 5.87±0.22, respectively. Least Significant Difference (LSD) test showed that MBPS was significantly lower in breast-fed compared to oral glucose group (P value=0.014). The difference between breast-fed and control groups was not significant. Crying duration did not have significant difference among the three groups. It seems that breast-feeding has better effect on vaccination pain compared to oral glucose.

The incidence of diabetes in liver transplant recipients is one of the common problems among these patients witha negative effect on the success of the transplant and the patient's life. Post Transplant Diabetes Mellitus (PTDM) has many similarities with type 2 diabetes from pathophysiplogical, clinical, and genetic viewpoints... One of the genotypes involved in PTDM is KCNJ11 (rs 5219) that has role in beta-cell function and has regulator effect on ATP sensitive K channels. The purpose of this study is to review the relation between this polymorphism and diabetes after liver transplantation in an Iranian population. This is a case-control study on 120 patients receiving liver transplant, including 60 patients with PTDM and 60 patients without PTDM. White blood cell samples were selected from the cell bank of organ transplantation research centre in Namazi Hospital from patients who had undergone liver transplantation during the years 2008 and2012. Frequency of genotypes in this population was determined by PCR-RFLP method. To express the results we used distribution indices and parametric statistical tests. Statistical analysis shows that there is a significant difference between the genotype and the allele frequencies of the two groups of case and control.. KK genotype (P=0.001; 95%CI (1.60-7.6); OR=1.19 increases the risk of PTDM. Our study shows that there is a relation between the incidence of PTDM and sex, age, prednisolone dosage, KCNJ11 polymorphism, and KK genotype.

Plaryngoscopy and tracheal intubation increase not only blood pressure and heart rate but also Bispectral Index (BIS) of the patients. In this study, hemodynamic and BIS changes were surveyed after tracheal intubation and during general anesthesia followed by mexiletine prescription. In this study, 50 patients aged between 20 and 60 who were candidates for orthopedic surgery of the upper limbs were surveyed. They were divided in two groups randomly. Two hours before induction of anesthesia, case and control groups received mexiletine 200 mg as capsule and oral placebo, respectively. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate, and BIS of both groups were compared before induction and intubation; 1,3 and 10 minutes after intubation; and immediately, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after surgical incision. There was not any significant differences in systolic and diastolic pressures of the two groups. The heart rate was lower in mexiletine group compared to control group, 30 minutes after surgical incision and immediately after extubation (P<0.05). BIS was significantly more in mexiletine groupcompared to control group (p<0/05). It was revealed that the hemodynamic changes after laryngoscopy and during general anesthesia were significantly lower in mexiletine group compared to the control group. It`s suggested that the prescription of this drug leads to the increase of BIS after intubation and during general anesthesia.

Endosulfan is one of the strong insecticides used in agriculture. This toxin is absorbed by inhalation and skin. Endosulfan has side effects such as infertility in men. This study surveys the effect of vitamins E and C on preventing the harmful effects of Endosulfan on spermatogenesis in adult male rats. Adult male rats (200-250 g) from Wistar rats were divided into five groups of 10 rats. Rats in the experimental groups one, two, three, and four received 10 mg/kg Endosulfan daily for 10 consecutive days via gavage. Moreover, during this period, rats of group two in addition to daily Endosulfan, received 20 mg / kg vitamin C daily, group three received 200mg / kg Vitamin E daily and group four received20mg / kg kg vitamin C plus 200mg / kg Vitamin E daily, by gavage. Control group received only routine food and water. At the end of this period, sexual cells were counted by light microscope on testis sections. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test and Duncan's test at p≤0.05. The results showed that vitamins E and C have inhibitory effect on the degenerative impact of Endosulfan on spermatogenesis. The results of this study indicated that Endosulfan impairs spermatogenesis by increasing the oxidative stress. Vitamins E and C inhibit the degenerative effects of Endosulfan on spermatogenesis by reducing the oxidative stress.