فصلنامه پژوهش نامه زنان
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 9، بهار و تابستان1393)

The Purpose of the Study: Family, as the leading social institution, fulfils the most fundamental needs of men and plays a crucial role in raising the upcoming generation and in cultural transfer. Historically, Familism was a prominent norm in the Iranian’s culture. However, the indispensable changes of the current era were influential in the family structure and its functions. The present research was aimed to review the works in Family Studies to identify strengthening and distorting factors in Iranian families. The study was designed in a meta-analytic manner. 64 relevant case studies- research projects on the subject of influential factors in families- were examined thoroughly and data was collected accordingly. Findings and Based on the results, Most of the research projects were well equipped with theoretical frameworks. However, they could be considered as examples of reductionism because of the presence of situational variables. In conclusion, the analysis of family as a social institution requires a more comprehensive theorizing in the Islamic-Iranian culture. According to the current study, researchers have identified 104 factors, 62 strengthening and 42 distorting factors, which respectively had the frequency of 191 and 125 (316 in total) in personal, familial and social dimensions. Familial factors with 55% (173 cases), personal factors with 40% (137 cases) and social factors with 5% (16 cases) were the most influential. Based on the results, a pattern of Influential factors in families, consisted of 11 main themes, had been developed. These themes were: cultural factors (including faith, moralities and beliefs), familial interactions, physical and mental health, personal developments, family management techniques, financial matters and economic welfare, cultural social and political environments, Couples’ age difference, length of marriage, public services and public transportation and health care issues.

Literature, as one of the various types of art, from a long time ago has played its role in different forms in human life and in this respect, like all human intellectual and spiritual activities, has a social purpose. Thus, contrary to some people’s opinion, literature is not separated from social context but it is always originated from social living and is certainly considered one of the essential factors for the development of human social life. This is why the literature of every nation always transforms parallel to society changes and according to this approach it will become a mirror reflecting everything of its own society. Certainly contemporary literature and especially Arabic and Persian present day poetry is not only associated to this approach but also the chaotic situations and different social, political and economic crises resulted from the two world wars as well as some civic problems, underlie the emergence of society’s representation in literature. Among these poets are Forough Farrokhzad and Nazik Al-Malaika. The depiction of society by picturing social problems, poverty, corruption, class conflict and the woman’s issue and her social crisis are among common characteristics of two poets’ diwans.

Modernization on the basis of western model in the judiciary and also the advancement of women’s status in the society were the most prominent successes of reform movements in the first decades of Pahlavi Regime. However, because of the male-dominated view in the society, no attention was made to women’s rights in the domain of politics and jurisdiction. Women could not even organize social movements or participate in civil resistance actions, due to political suppressions. Therefore, contrary to widespread publicity on women’s rights, no significant changes have been made to the traditional status of women. The current paper has tried to study the social and legal status of Iranian women in analytic- descriptive manner. Moreover, the research was aimed to investigate the reasons of poor status of women in the society that modernization has formerly been initiated in it.

Running away is a deviant behavior, displayed in children and adolescents. Most of the sociological researches on this subject were solely focused on family issues and failed to address the important role of religion and religious beliefs. The current study was an attempt to emphasize the impact of religion on one’s tendency to run away. The data was analyzed by means of Hirschi’s Theoretical Framework, which has four interrelated forms (religious attachment, religious commitment, religious involvement and religious belief). A survey has been carried out and the data was collected by self-assessment questionnaire. The population was all the high school students of Babol in 2011-2012 school year (1597 students in total). 370 students were selected based on stratified random sampling and data was analyzed with SPSS and Lisrel. The results showed that among four forms of Hirschi’s Framework, religious belief came in first and religious involvement came in second place. The other two forms (religious attachment and religious commitment) were insignificant. In conclusion, the study revealed that religion, as a protective factor, can decrease deviant behaviors of youngsters.

The purpose of the research was to analyze the effective factors of Iranians’ social capital and to identify gender differences. A survey has been carried out and based on the data, collected by the questionnaire, it became apparent that: 1. Capital, drawing from interpersonal trust, seemed to be the lowest. 2. Iranians’ social capital was mainly affected by gender variables, social constructs and cultural norms, which was compatible with Putnam and Norris findings. 3. Women’s Interpersonal trust was lower than men, yet the interactional norms and institutional trust were higher. Women tend to spend more time with their families, as men tend to interact more with friends and colleagues.

Schema therapy is one of the most effective psychotherapy techniques to control dysthymia. Nonetheless, Jeffery Young believed that instead of propositional abstract notions, complex concepts of this therapy could be facilitated by applying symbolic language such as allegory. Aimed at more effectiveness, the current study has combined these two techniques. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of allegorical-based schema therapy in the treatment of divorced women with dysthymia. The study employed a pretest, post-test, follow-up design and 6 divorced dysthymic women were selected by purposive sampling. Data analysis revealed that allegorical-based schema therapy had significantly reduced the symptoms of chronic depression and also early maladaptive schemas and it lasted two months after the treatment. Allegorical-based schema theory has been effective in modifying early maladaptive schemas, reducing symptoms of chronic depression and controlling the risk of relapse in dysthymic patients over time.

The study was aimed to analyze the effects of social acceptance on women’s political participation in high levels of decision making in post-revolution Iran, in a descriptive-analytic manner. The procedure was divided into two phases. At first, women’s political participation was analyzed in executive, legislative and judicial branches by the help of data collected from the parliament and ministries. Secondly, the relation between women’s political participation and social acceptance has been studied. It was disclosed that women’s political participation is relatively low in power structure in Iran. Upon analysis of data, it became apparent that women, because of their different conception of social acceptance and gender-based clichés, which are instilled by institutions like families, schools, educational centers and media, consider politics as men’s domain and consequently are unwilling to participate politically in the society. Therefore women’s tendency to avoid political participation is not because of Iran’s social constructs but is mainly based on women’s different conception of social acceptance. It could be concluded that the first step in women’s political participation is to stop the reproduction of gender-based clichés and identities in the process of social acceptance.