فصلنامه مطالعات بین المللی پلیس
پیاپی 17 (بهار 1393)

Setting and The limit of police authorities in stopping and seizing vehicles is closely related to traffic right. This study aims to answer the fundamental question: what approach has been applied with regard to international and national regulations in stopping and or seizing vehicles?Research The research method is descriptive- analytic and has on applied purpose. The article data have been gathered in library- documentary way. The global manifest of human rights approved in 1948 and international treaty of civil and political rights approved in 1980 recognized the traffic right. This right requires that safe traffics of citizens and vehicles be free and their risky traffic be prevented. I.R.I legislator has followed principle of police non-interference in safe traffic and interference principle in risky traffic. Based on the articles 4 and 9 of the rule add addressing the driving offences approved in 1389, police officers aren‟t allowed to stop passing vehicles, unless they observe traffic violations and in case of observing any offences, they can stop passing vehicles and enforce the regulations related assured guarantee of violation. Iran's legislator is authorized to seize violators, vehicles in 5 cases and has predicted 3 cases of the authority to ban driving license. I.R.I current regal regulations conform to international document regulations and the proper enforcement of these regulations can result in the tree traffic of citizens through the enforcement of non-interference principle for rue-governed drivers and Interference principle for violating drivers.

Setting and International regulations monitor banning the expansion of dethronement of massacre which has been enacted and codified by international or organization, esp. UN, suggests governments concerns about the production of arms esp. daring armed enmities. The main g--- of the study is the introduction of international legal order in the domain of microbe massacre and scrutiny of possible advantages disadvantages in the stage of enactment and enforcement and oversight of international legal regulations.Research The research method is descriptive- analytical and it has an applied purpose. The article data have been gathered in library type and documentary way through note taking on cards. Genoa protocol in 1925 and the convention in 1972 are known as microbe and poisonous arms as one of the most important international documents regarding microbe and poisonous arms. In spite of the fact that concluding those documents is an effective stop in the direction of the extent in which governments are limited with regard to the production and use of microbe and poisonous arms, but international rules and modus operandi regulating the aforementioned arms. The ambiguity in international regulations and authentication and authentication problem is related to the performances of governments including weak points of inter national legal system in the area of microbe and poisonous us arms: however, regarding the predicted cases in international documents, such as the convention in 1972, disambiguation and adjustment of aforementioned regulations and the amendment of supervisory modus operandi, are possible.

Setting and Mutual actions are one of the most important issues put in connection with the international duties of governments, which the articles 49 and 53 in the draft of international duty taken from the offensive acts of governments, have been allocated to international taw commission, according to the aforesaid articles, has addressed the goal, limit, circumstances and other matter related to mutual actions. Cyber attacks have been recognized as one of the new parades of cyber interferences. Considering the fact that cyber attacks are rated as evidence of resort to force and cyber interferences, the main question in discussing mutual actions is [what should a lost government do as mutual actions, if a cyber attack known as the breach of commitment by a government? Are the actions directly taken by the lost government or possible to be taken by other governments. does the interference of other countries threaten international peace and security.Research The present research is conducted based on descriptive analytical method and the use of library sources. Mutual action includes non-hostile actions which are illegal per se; however, when a lost government takes these actions in response to the wrong doing of a responsible government, its illegal aspect is disappears. The goals of mutual action are self-support, assigning a government to follow its commitments and making up for the loss of the lost government. Mutual action has been accepted in judicial procedure; In spite of this acceptance, there has been no agreement in connection with the role and the status of mutual action.

Setting and Terrorism is one of the most significant phenomena which have challenged a broad range of human societies and meanwhile and are considered as topical challenges and main issues of international rights and relations.Research The study has been conducted in descriptive analytical method and with reference to opinions of ISS in Kenia. In the definition of [Terrorism], there is no unanimity among authors and intellectuals and international organizations efforts were inconclusive, except that some of evidences were introduced as terrorist actions while each bias is restricted to the introduction of a clear concept of terrorism. Islamic legal system. Like other legal systems, has set some regulations in the form of criminal prosecution and punishments for criminal acts, but has disgraced this illegal and willful action and has fought it under different titles. In Islamic criminal law, heinous acts such as defiance, can be Identified under.

Setting and Administrative corruption with the context of administrative system and managing government affairs, lays down the setting in which corrupt staffs take advantage of their own position to do services to clients and to do illegal business.Research This article has been conducted in descriptive and analytical method using library resources. In administrative corruption, corrupt staffs make their efforts to ignore social, economical and political rights of citizens considering their job position. The problems cased by legal gaps, lack of powerful supervisory systems and weakness of cultural and moral structures of society, are the factors paving the way for this situation. Legislator could modify the structure of rules and its control, by the approval the of the haw enhancing administrative flawlessness and combating corruption and government's codification and approval of the related procedures and activation of supervisory systems with cooperation of judicature. Society boosted its cultural and moral structures and consequently could first helped fighting administrative corruption a lot by preventing the setting for this corruption and next by supervising and reporting it to the qualified authorities. Administrative corruption is the complicated phenomenon that is eliminated by modifying law structure, control and accountability and cultural and moral structure.

Setting and The convention of seas law in 1982, which is known as seas constitution. The study aims to answer the questions, how are the issues related to prosecution and the jurisdiction to address the crimes in free waters, interpreted and how do they affect the internal security countries? Providing the definitions related to the aforesaid subjects is one of the issues to be discussed in this article.Research The study has been conducted in descriptive- analytical and by means of library sources, internet, statistical data The crimes related to free waters indirectly influence the interned security of waters. The issue of piracy, mug smuggling and psycho substances, radio disturbances, etc, and the prosecution and security and disciplinary follow- up in free waters on one hand and addressing the concept of jurisdiction in the aforesaid subjects on the other hand, are the main issues of the study. The authors have attempted to address the issues related to crime in free waters in analytical and explanatory approach. I.R.I has not approved the convention for over 3 decades since when it was signed and directly and sometimes indirectly took position against this international convention, which caused much confusion in terms of national jurisdiction in high profile cases.

This article analyses and compares the evolution of the proceduresand motivations for the international movement of prisoners under two systems operating in the United Kingdom – the inter-state prisoner transfer system and the international criminal justice enforcement system. It sets out the basic conditions for transfers under the current systems before outlining recent changes in the inter-state system to the requirement to obtain the consent of the proposed transferee (the prisoner) and the state that will implement the sentence. It proceeds to discuss the potential consequences and benefits these procedural modifications may entail for both systems. The paper concludes by evaluating the different and changing rationales used to justify the international movement of prisoners.