نشریه مطالعات شبه قاره
سال ششم شماره 19 (تابستان 1393)

Vijayanagara is a Hindu govern which was established in 736 AH/ 1336 CE in South India. This govern first was founded by establishing a city with the same name (the city of victory) in the south of Deccan to prevent attacks from Delhi Sultans to South India. The formation of this govern was The origin of the major developments in the political and culture situation of South India، It is necessary for the researchers of the Indian subcontinent history to be aware of motivations and the historical analysis of how the state was established. In this paper it has been attempted to consider the historical backgrounds using the descriptive - analytical. method and historical texts and resources. The analytic view of the paper leads to investigate the internal and external factors and the motivation of Hindus for the establishment of this government.

One of the descriptions that has been written on Hafez court in subcontinent was the lithography description of Navalkashor which was provided by his secretary in 1289 (AD). The mentioned description is a selection of some Indian commentators’ interpretations that has been written on the margins of the pages. These commentators interpreted the sonnets according to their own cognition and some of these verses and lyrics has been interpreted into the praise of Prophet. In this paper it has been attempted to compare the description of six sonnets corresponding to Iranian interpretation with intertextual and intratextual purposes. It has to be noted that two of these descriptions do not exist in Iranian ones. The overall result presents that only one sonnet among four common ones is composed in Prophet’s adoration although Indian commentators considered all of them in his eulogy. This fact represents language، cultural and epistemic differences and also different living situations of the Iranian and Indian commentators.

This article delves into the Lataif Al-Loghat Dictionary of Abdul latif Abbasi. Abdul latif Abbasi، one of the researchers and secretaries of Jahangir Emperor (1605-1628) period and the beginning term of Shah Jahan (1628-1658)، was born in Gujarat، India. He left several legacies among which we can refer to works on Rumi’s Masnavi، and the walled Garden of Truth or the Hadiqat al Haqiqa which are written in Persian. Lataif-Al-Loghat is among the works which was written regarding the words and expressions of Rumi’s Masnavi in eleventh century AD. To provide it، the author got help from dictionaries such as Gamoos، Sorah، Kenz-Al-Loghat، Jahangiri، etc. Also، the originality of all words in Farsi، Arabic، Turkish، and Syriac are determined in this work. Since the author was not originally Iranian، his works except for a few of them could not draw the attentions of the learned people. Therefore، this study is to elaborate on the Lataif-Al-Loghat book from different views such as words، etymology، grammar، word meaning and evidence.

Any language، based on its needs، borrows words from other languages. The Persian language is not an exception. Among the languages، Arabic has influenced Persian more than other ones. During the 14th century، many words entered to the Persian language. Entering Arabic language to Persian poetry has not been limited to a particular period of time or poet and almost all of Persian poets have used Arabic in their poems. Naziri Neishaboori، the Persian poet، who lived in India on the 16th and 17th centuries A. D. has a collection containing different types of poems in which sonnet is being manifested more than any other types. Naziri Neishaboori used the Arabic words terms and phrases in his poems. He has served Persian language well and used these items masterly therefore the reader Does not feel alienated. Using these terms proves that he was familiar with Arabic and also knew the Arabic rhetoric and brevity. Utilizing Quran verses and Prophet’s words has created the Inter textual phenomenon in his poems. The used method in this paper is descriptive-analytic. It is been attempted to express how the poet has used the Arabic language and how the poet has made the coordination between Persian and Arabic.

In the ritualistic aspect of various religions such as Hinduism، the rites related to death and after that are very significant. Serious dealing with this rituals reflects the place of death and the spirit`s status in the past of Hinduism. Thus، in this research the form and method of performing the rites of death and after death and also the different steps of these rites have been studied. This research includes some topics such as the rites of: agony of death، funeral cremation and their different phases in Hinduism. Introducing these rites which have a special cultural place in Hinduism، this essay seeks to have a small trace in making familiarity to this religion’s point of view about the concept of death and the rites which have an important influence in the spirit`s fate after the death. In conclusion it should be said that since the other world and the man`s fate after death are very important for the Hindus and since the spirit`s status of the dead is related to performing the rituals of death and after death according to Hindus، The accurate performing of these rituals is their significant concern. This research has been done according to a descriptive-analytic method based on library study.

Manuscripts reflect the glorious past of the culture and language of every nation. Introducing Persian manuscripts is turning over the golden pages of Persian language and culture and the Iranian civilization. There are a lot of Persian manuscripts in Ganjbakhsh library of Islamabad in Pakistan. One of these manuscripts is a book on medicine from the seventh century of Hijry، registered with number 15597. This manuscript is very important considering its style and Persian lexicon. On the other hand it is an unknown text on medicine with the scientific terminology and combinations. By introducing such texts it is possible to find the potential of Persian language in finding equivalents for modern terminology. This research is conducted using the Content Analysis Method and the results were analyzed based on descriptive – analytic one.

Aasar Al-Salatin is one of the most important manuscripts among other transcribes by Sayyed Naser Al-Din about Iran، India and especially Transoxania in Safavid era. The author talks about the competition between Safavids and Uzbeks as the two superpowers involved in making decisions about Transoxania since the motives behind the Sheibanies as the rulers over Transoxania was not limited to religious issues but they also had issues in mind about expanding their ruling territories as inherits of Chingiz Khan even called a right to rule over Pars so they acted upon these ideas. The book also explains about Uzbek rule over Samarqand and their arrogant style of governance towards the people and their actions to establish their permanent power in the area which could guarantee their expansion ideas come true. The author describes the backgrounds of fight between two Mongol rulers، Shibak Khan the Uzbek and Zahir Al-Din Mohammad Baber in Transoxania which finally ended to Shibak Khan''s victory and departure of Baber for India which initiated the Timurids Emperor. In the present paper it has been attempted to explore the series of events in this area at the time of Safavids، the importance of the roots of Baber Immigration to India and the establishment of Timurids Dynasty based on the history of Safavids and the book Aasar Al- Salatin using the descriptive method.

Cyrus، The Great، the founder of the Achaemenid dynasty in 544 B. C Began the conquest of eastern Iran. He occupied Balkh or Bactria in the current Afghanistan So Bakhtar was the most important eastern satrap for the Achaemenid empire. After him، Darius، in about the year 512 B. C passed the Indus river and annexed a western part of this River to Achaemenid empire and founded Hindush Satrapi. India and Egypt were the most important Satrapies in Darius period and the reason of this importance was a special tribute that India paid to the government of Iran. Indian dynasty of Muria was founded after the fall of the Achaemenid Empire by Greek Alexander. Ashoka Chandragupta’s grandson was the greatest king of Muria dynasty. He Seized all over Afghanistan and India and bring more effort to promote the cult of Buddha. He was the greatest ruler in the history of India. Ashoka Palace is in Pataliputra which is located in the outskirts of Patna city، in the state of Bahar and in the North-East of India. The monument columns everywhere in India were built perfectly to imitate from the Achaemenid palaces and Persepolis columns. The architecture of Pataliputra enclosures and the monument columns of Ashoka had been affected from Achaemenid architecture for the following reasons: 1- linguistic categories 2- documentary travelogue 3- the results of the comparison of Pataliputra Hall with Persepolis’s Sad Sotun Hall and Ashokian monument columns with columns of Persepolis.