نشریه مطالعات سیاسی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 7 (پاییز 1392)

With justice and Development party''s taking over affairs in Turkey at 2002، foreign policy of this country has been changed significantly since 2002. The government emerged from this party has taken a multilateral، active، dynamic and independent foreign policy، that pursuit expansion of ties with western countries and integration in to west، on one hand، and reinforcement of the policy of «looking at East»، on the other hand simultaneously. The Term of Neo-ottomanism or new ottomanism has become common in conceptualizing the dominating approach of new Turkish foreign policy. In this direction، a question that can be raised is on what structures the approach of new Turkish foreign policy are based? The hypothesis of this research is that the new Turkish foreign policy is understandable on the basis of a cultural and historical background derived from identical configuration. Based on this approach، the expansion of this country''s ties with geo politic regions of Middle East، central Asia، Caucasia، Balkan، and North Africa، which have been some part of Ottoman Empire previously، is of high priority on new Turkish foreign policy along with concern about Turkey''s convergence to the west. In present research، the nature of roles، interests and objectives that defined by current Turkish statements for the country''s foreign policy regionally and Trans regionally is explored، while the relationship between identity and foreign policy of Turkey is illustrated.

Today، one of the important tools for achieving the national interests is soft power that in comparison with hard power has some hidden functions and want to make disruption and uncertainly of subjective beliefs (through attraction and persuasion to cooperation) in the society. In recent decades، the United States of America use this tool to supply its interests in international arena. Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the countries that has been targeted by American soft power. American politicians are trying to take advantage from this tool to impress Iranian- Islamic identity of nation. This article، with a descriptive and analytical approach in the context of Joseph Nye soft power theory and its three sources، is to answer this question: how does USA try to weak Iranian Islamic Identity? Results show that USA try to apply soft power and sources for achieving three goals: 1) Injecting western culture and lifestyle، 2) Disruption of the political values which build national unity and 3) Isolation of Iran in international arena.

In this essay، I will study the Egyptian upheavals based on a documentary approach. Based on the autocratic modernization theory initiated by Tim McDaniel، modernization in autocratic societies makes conflicts including modern forces in traditional-autocratic societies that put new demands against the government. Middle class groups are among the major elements that have basically urban origin. Vulnerability of autocracies against revolution increases because the autocrat destroys the government traditional alliances، by implementing modernization from above. In my opinion، it has been one of the most important causes of Egyptian revolution regarding analogies of modernization policies implemented in these societies. Expansion of Modern middle class، civil society، and formation of modern demands like freedom، political participation etc، are among the results of social modernization although autocracies cannot adapt themselves with modern society requirements. So final consequence of autocratic modernization contradictions will be increasing of this type of reigning against revolution.

Following the coming to power of the AKP، a serious change in Turkey''s foreign policy could be observed. This article tries to analyze as its main question، the major factor in Turkish foreign policy after the AKP coming to power. To answer this question، the hypothesis note that different perceptions of Turkey''s new political elite norms of international relations and factors affecting creation of new material، causing changes in Turkish foreign policy from unilateralism to multilateralism. The findings suggest that the dynamics of foreign policy elites are influenced by prevailing norms of metamorphosis. These norms are influenced by changes in the environment and their role in policy-making elite.

The role of religion in Egypt''s new political structure after the fall of Hosni Mubarak is one of the most important preoccupations of current studies of Middle East developments in the recent years. And، since the exit of Islamic discourse from the equation within the Egyptian movement، the subject has become even more significant. The subject also draws attention to the relationship between Islamic states such as Iran and these developments، and the possibility of such Islamic states influencing politics in Egypt. The current question is that، what kind of relations and what type of discourse the Iranian model of government could have with the new political structure، and religion''s role and place، in the Egyptian society? Therefore، looking back at various facts and happenings such as identifying the revolutionary forces، process of revolution and its effect on the nature and character of new government from the perspective of Islamic movement in Iran and non-ideological movement in Egypt، determining the impact of religious state in Iran on nature and identity of new regime in Egypt has become almost impossible.