فصلنامه پدافند غیرعامل
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 18، تابستان 1393)

Nowadays, in regards to the increasing development of countries, power industry is taken into account as an imperative for economic growth in such a way that without planning the development of power grids, the progress of industries as the most important factor in the development of countries, terminates. Apart from economic issues, from strategic and military viewpoints, as well, and considering the occurrence of incidents, disasters, wars and military attack, we can conclude that optimal and reliable operation of power systems is contingent upon the conditions in which the planning of different parts of power system is efficiently accomplished. In this paper, at first a comprehensive emission constrained generation expansion planning (GEP) model is presented considering the electric industry restructuring, and then optimal investment decisions are determined from a generation company perspective, while the dispersal of generating units and fuel mix ratio are also considered in expansion strategies for energy generation security. To solve the optimization problem, the particle swarm optimization technique is employed and obtained results affirm the fact that applying environmental regulations to the power sector as well as incorporating the strategic viewpoint into the planning problems result in renewable-based generation units and units with less emission.

The Council of Planning and Development of the Province of Tehran as an operational strategy for the decentralization of the planning system in Iran's Third Development Plan (1379-1384) has been proposed which deals with issues and problems of each province from different dimensions while the passive defense pattern as one of the proposed patterns in the state's planning structure and it has gained attention from different dimensions to mitigate vulnerability for various parts of the country. Therefore; employing this pattern in the Council of Planning and Development of the Province, taking the authorities and duties limits of this council into considerations, is of utmost importance. This paper intends to review the structure and content of the Provincial Planning and Development Council of Tehran in a descriptive - analytical research method based on constructive methodology, and finally, based on the methodology of this paper, different designs on resetting the passive defense considerations, in the Council of State Planning and Development in two parts including the content and structure have been presented and at the end, in regards to the questionnaire obtained from experts in the field and applying AHP, resetting the passive defense policies within the framework of the duties of specialized working groups of the Council's passive defense as general strategy has been suggested, whereas other proposed methods can also be executed a particular time com-mensurate with different plans.

Among the most important factors that influence the decision making and planning in passive defense such as structural hardening and especially underground structures such as tunnels and subways are situation estimate and their response to dynamic loading (caused by an explosion). In this regard, one of the effective factors influencing the amount and distribution of load blasting on an underground structure, is burial depth of the structure and condition of soil reinforcement. Therefore, considering the depths of the tunnel of interest (9 and 12m from the tunnel) and four layers of reinforcement (the distance of one meter from each other), computer simulations using ABAQUS software and comparing the obtained results was implemented. In fact, in many cases structural design (e.g a section of tunnel structures) the geometry and depth of the tunnel as a certain value to the project designer were considered necessary in order to achieve the specific goals of the project, while there are no restrictions in terms of soil reinforcement. In this mode, the best conditions for soil reinforcement can be selected. Simulation results show that by increasing the depth of the tunnel from the depth of 12 meters downward, the impact of blast wave on the behavior of underground structures will be depreciated and for explosive charge, depth of 12m can be introduced as the safe depth for tunnel construction with the soil characteristics and an explosion equivalent to 1000 kg TNT. Moreover, by increasing the reinforcing layers of geogrid to three layers, the reduction of possible damage to the underground structure is observable.

Steganography is the knowledge and art that will enable us to communicate confidentially via plain conduits. This knowledge & art hide a confidential message in a secondary media and provide the transmission of secret information for users. Steganography is primarily intended to make the hidden messages not draw any attention and in the worst possible cases, in case it gained anyone's suspicion, it can not be retrieved. The issue is that different algorithms have been conducted on different formats but it is not clear what they are applicable for. This paper considers four of six criteria for the comparison of four common file formats and finally the best of them is indicated in the Pathwork algorithm.

In this research, for the construction of anti-impact, anti-penetration and cost-effective concrete, a composition of rice husk ash and steel chips has been proposed. Rice husk ash is rich in silica and it is inexpensive and it is obtained from waste products. It can replace part of the cement. Silica in the rice husk ash plays an important role in concrete compressive strength. To increase the tensile strength of concrete, inexpensive steel shavings have been used. The results of Gas Gun tests on 36 samples concrete slab that contain different percentages of rice husk ash and steel shavings with the water / cement material ratios of 0.57 show that by 10 percent replacement of RHA, and an addition of steel shavings of 1% of total weight, the highest strength could be obtained. Moreover, the penetration depth was reduced by 17% relative to no steel shavings and no husk ash sample.

In this paper, a methodology is suggested to prioritize passive defense strategies of urban water infrastructures using strategic planning model and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods, and the applicability of proposed methodology is demonstrated in a case study. At first, by means of strategic planning tools such as SWOT analysis, external and internal factors which are effective in system’s performance are identified and passive defense strategies are selected based on the analysis of current situation. Then, using questionnaire approach and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method, strategies are prioritized based on decision-makers viewpoints. The results of the model are verified by means of experts and major decision-maker's viewpoints. In the case study, passive defense strategies are prioritized for a part of an urban water supply and distribution system in a hypothetical region in Tehran. The aim of the case study is to select an alternative water supply system in the case of destruction of region’s main water tank caused by bomb attacks. Selected strategies are making bottled water booths, building a buried water tank, building rainwater harvesting system for houses and distribution of water by trucks. The results of fuzzy decision-making model show that building a buried water tank and building rainwater harvesting system for houses achieve first and last rank, respectively.