نشریه تاریخ نامه ایران بعد از اسلام
پیاپی 6 (بهار و تابستان 1392)

The purpose of this paper is to study the role of religious minorities in economic life. Therefore, in the present paper We concentration some parts of it and picture the partnership and share of religious minorities like Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians and Sabyy in economic activities of this era in the terms of business, land lording, industry and professional workshop. The data collected in this study through a library based description and analysis. The findings are based on data derived from different sources. Result show that the economic activities of non-Muslims religious minorities didnt kept the same and each of them was active in different fields associating with historical and social circumstances. The Jews and Christians were mostly resident of cities, and participated in some fields such as business, exchange, State Tax, financial audit related to trade of government sector. The Zoroastrian as survivors of religious community of Iran participated in economic of properties and land lording. The Sabayyan were employed in jobs such as industry, crafts and fine art like jewels and silver ornaments of men and women, and also in metallurgy and enameling, and they were somehow carriers and developers of such industries and arts in the Islamic community.

Documents are essential sources in historical researches and offer noticeable information to researchers. Historiography based on document includes essential information, which contains documents remained from local ruler. Among these, letter belonged to Khan Ahmad Khan- Guilani which are important and documentary from Safavid era. Khan- Ahmad- Khan GUilani is one of the local ruler in Gilan at firs half of 11th century who was co- existed With the First Ruler Of Safavid dynasty. The purpose of this paper is Responding to This question: How The ruling religious perspective affected religious approaches of Khan- Ahmad Khan? According to evidences based on remained documents, the researcher aims to study the religious changes of Ruler and people of Gilan in this era

The extension of World War II and entrance of Allied forces to Iran in September 1941, had many economic, political and social effects on people of Iran. Problems such as insecurity, famine and epidemic diseases were the clear results of the invasion of Iran. Famine as the major factor in that condition was so expanded that people were not even able to afford aliment so many people died of starvation. The main causes of famine during World War II, directly and indirectly, were related to the presence of foreign troops. This descriptive-analytic study attempts using and citing documents and newspapers of that time to categorize, explain and review the effective factors. The main research question is: what have been the effects of World War II on Iran's famine and what did the government do to reduce its impacts?

The establishment of the National Assembly of Iran was one of the most important outcome of the Constitutional Revolution. No doubt the basic approaches of this Assembly is its connection with governors and influential figures of the Assembly. Basically in Iran before that period the provincial government was one of the most important governmental posts, and individuals by the favour of the king and often by paying enormous amounts without deservingness, were appointed as provincial governors. Besides of this method, in this special period most of the governors that habituated to the long-lasting ways of despotism had a hostile view towards the Assembly, and they acted as important part of a front internal tyranny. Mohammad Ali Shah demanded friendship of provincial governors so that to prevent expansion of Constitution in different areas of the country.One of the revolutionary actions of the First Assembly was the governors must be harmonized themselves with legal frame and it was appeared in the form of the Law of "Tashkilat Eyalat va Welayat" and a guideline for governors. This paper focused on the confrontation of the Assembly and the despotic governors which in fact it was complementary of this law. By effort of the First Assembly the governor's hands were cut off of the governmental affairs. For example deposal of Zel Ol Soltan from Isfahan government, Asef Al Dolleh from Khorasan, Sardar Mansour from Rasht, Haj Agha Mohsen from Arak, Sepahdar Khalatbary from Tankabon, and Haj Mirza Hassan and Imamm Jomeh from Tabriz. Rahim Khan Chalabyanlo and Salar Mofakham were among influential figures who were arrested by the influence of the Assembly. In some cases The Assembly was not so successful for example: confrontation with Gawam Al Molk Shirazi, because of special tribalism of Farce and its complicated condition and also deep root of Gavam's household in Farce.

Following the decline of Esfahan by ghalzaies of ghandahar in 1135 which was manifestation of ending safavian political power, Nader from khorasan by the help of second Thahmasb overcome the internal competitions and foreign enemies (Afghans, Osmanie and Rusians) could revive the safavied government again. Unsuspectedly Nader wasn’t interested in reviving the collapsed of safavie government, but he need the legitimacy of shii safavians and he was an unknown person so because of that he took a dual policy. For achieving legitimacy, he fought for a decade to save Iran as a brave safavid sirdar and in another side, he tried to prepare a suitable condition for transmiting power to Afsharians. But he reigned in an extreme way due to cultural and relegions problems also he took an anti-religious approach which caused his kindom to fall. In this study after introducing safavied system of legitimacy element, safavi declining, legitimacy crisis in Nader era, passing safaied legitimacy and problems, and Legitimacy construction of Nader era have been studied.

Astan Ghods -e- Razavi as an important religious center has a special place in Iranian history and also in local history of khorasan. In the structure of this religious organization, Toliyat (trusteeship) position has the highest place. Beside this position there are other positions like Neyebo toliye (trustee deputy), Ghaem magham-e-Toliyat (vice- chancellor of trusteeship) and Astaneh supervisor. The people who occupied these positions are the main servers of Astaneh. This paper through adopting a descriptive – analytical approach and based on historical data and documents, aims at investigating the changes in development of Toliyat (trusteeship), the ways of designation, and their duties. Besides, the ways of cooperation with governors of khorasan and central government were also studied. Finally, the influential factors in Toliyat position were explored.

Qajar was the last dynasty which came to power relying on the sword of the tribe men. But unlike the previous tribes, they surrendered without any fight and resistance in confronting with the most important issues of their monarchy period, i.e. the emergence of new rival of power. It’s very strange that the Qajari politicians and elites joined Sardar Sepah and supported passing the power and monarchy to their rival. The findings of the present research are based on rational explanation which reveales the case that time. Due to the uncompleted actions in the military reform, the Qajar tribe was collapsed and left the military arena and the monarchy significantly weakened in line with the constitutional movement (political reform) and they lost the full commandership over the modern military units. Those who affiliated with the royal family, instead of giving up the power and wealth, gave up the former to protect the later.