نشریه نشاء علم
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 8، خرداد 1393)

Knowledge is the base and infrastructure for progress and development of every country. The first step in the move for knowledge development, is training and educating learned and morally enriched human resources. Family and school are the first institutions for human upbringing. An important item here, is the question as to who manages the family or school. Certainly, learned people with moral commitments, would be capable of managing family and school matters in a way to train people in a most effective manner to develop the country. Centers with moral and scientific commitments and training schools, are the ones that shape the future of universities, academia, and lead them towards development of green industry, sustainable environment, and soci-ety with sublime culture. It can be stated that a soul enriched with knowledge and wisdom, would be able to process and analyze world information towards development of products that are sufficiently advanced to be effective to insure human health and meet its needs. It is said that the information processing power of the conscious mind is 40 bytes per second while the processing power of the unconscious mind is 40 million bytes per second. Unconscious mind has connection with peripheral knowledge which is believed to originate from human soul enriched with knowledge and wisdom. Great people have brought about great revolutions. Therefore, in order to have sustainable development enriched with production of green products that are competitive in the world, we should rely on the principal infrastructure of the society that is aimed for political development and education of learned people and experts who are enriched with environment-friendly thoughts. In order to reach this goal, we need to have enriched family lives, pro-gressive schools that are in line with global education as well as universities that are well-equipped with scientific laboratories. Scientific information satellites that can be used for high speed internet, for scientific studies and innovation, for global communication, for development of laboratories and extraterrestrial tools to be used for cosmology and ontology to design naturally-mapped technology, as well as development of think tanks, and academia that are aimed for generation of innovative thoughts/ideas and theory production, research and development sections in industrial centers, to establish connection with scientific centers and outstanding researchers, are among some of the items that should be invested. Such investments should be made with great effort where they are not incumbent on the state only. This effort should be made both by people and the state. The budget for research and innovation that are aimed for global objectives of Iranians should be hundred times of the current budget so that Iranians could attain faraway knowledge in sufficiently short period.

In 2013, the number of scientific documents of Iran, indexed in the Thomson Reuters institute for scientific information (ISI), was 26818 (1.59% of the world value) in science, 1045 (0.41% of the world value) in social sciences, 100 (0.10% of the world value) in art and humanity sciences and 27166 (1.42% of the world value) in total. Turkey and Iran obtained the first and second ranks with 1.65% and 1.42% scientific contribution, respectively, among the region and Moslem countries in 2013. Although the number of Iranian published scientific documents has increased 6.5% with respect to 2012; however, the per cent contribution of Iran in production of scientific documents has remained at 1.42% as the year before while for Turkey it increased from 1.61% (in 2012) to 1.65% (in 2013). In fact, in last two years, rise in scientific production of earlier yeas were stopped and after two decades, our share in production of scientific documents in the world has reached to a constant value. In 2013, USA ranked first as the most productive country in the world by contributing 28.10% in production of scientific documents where China, England, Germany and Japan, ranked second, third, fourth and fifth with contributions of 12.31%, 7.00%, 6.65% and 4.99% respectively. The rank of Turkey was 17 and the rank of Iran was 20 among all countries. Tehran University of Medical Science, University of Tehran, Amir Kabir University of Technology, Sharif University of Technology, Tarbiat Modares University and Isfahan University of Technology, respectively, were the six superior governmental universities in 2013. Near 19% percent of scientific documents in Iran in 2013, are attributed to all branches of Islamic Azad University As the year before, subjects of engineering, chemistry, physics, material and mathematics had the most important role in science documents production. USA, Canada, England, Germany and Malaysia had the highest level of co-operation with Iran in scientific contributions respectively.

During past decade, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of educated personnel immigrating to developed countries from developing countries. Canada has been one of the developed countries that admits a large number of immigrations from different nations. According to the Citizenship and Immigration of Canada, Iran has been one of the top 10 countries in terms of immigration rate over the past decade. However, it is not fully known how the immigration of Iranian scholars may influence scientific productivity of destination country, however. To fill this gap, in this paper, we have attempted to assess the share of contribution of Iranian authors’ in scientific publications of Canada and reported their educational and occupational backgrounds. Corresponding author affiliations of about 39,500 articles indexed in Scopus (2005-2011) in engineering fields have been extracted and checked if they were of Persian names. A sample of online CVs from Iranian corresponding authors has been used to determine the researchers’ educational and occupational backgrounds. Results showed a constant increase in the proportion of publications with Iranian corresponding authors and Canadian affiliation from 8% in 2005 to 16% in 2011. Moreover, 67% and about 50% of Iranian authors have respectively received their BS and MS degrees from top Iranian universities in engineering and 76% of authors had occupations at organizations or universities abroad (mostly in Canada)

Peer review process in journal publication, has been a mechanism for ensuring high quality research in academia for a long time. It varies slightly from journal to journal. For an article to be accepted in a journal, the style and publication format of the journal is observed. Peer reviewing is a novel method developed after World War II for evaluation of paper publications due to large volume of scientific research and increase in number of specialty .Peer-reviewed journals are considered as a subset of scholarly journals. This process is divided into three general categories: blind review, open review and post- publication review; these categories are different in their stages and evaluation procedures. There are several methods for identifying the peer-reviewed journals, these include: limiting search in databases to only peer reviewed results, checking Ulrich’s directory, checking the official site of journals Based on the number of editors, editorial board and peer reviewing process, there are several different journal peer review and evaluation processes which will be discussed here. Journal peer-reviewer has important responsibilities in his/her review; for example, he/she needs to maintain confidentiality about the title and article data. Despite of many advantages using peer review process, there has also been criticism of the process. This paper provides an overview of the peer review process and different types, stages, history, weaknesses, different systems of this process, discussion on peer-reviewed articles, identifying peer-reviewed journals, peer reviewers and responsibilities.

Ethic is the real soul of all our actions and reactions, all our behaviors, beliefs and thoughts. In this paper without any common theological philosophy and classical moral arguments, some of the most popular ethical issues concerning science, scientists and university affairs are discussed. In the end, for clarifying parts of the subject some specific instances and examples of the current formal behaviors and methods through our universities and academic societies are put forward for a challengeable discussion and enthusiastic readers are invited to reconsider these points of view.

It is commonly believed that Planet’s climate is changing, but not uniformly and in the same pattern everywhere. Countries are advised to study the pattern and characteristics of their own geographical region. In this writing we report a preliminary effort in this direction for Iran. We have customized the RegCM software or the Regional Climate Research NETwork, Trieste, Italy, to simulate the short and long term climate of Iran. First we have reproduced the climate of the 1990 decade and compared it with the synoptic data registered by Iran Meteorological Organization, to ensure the validity and fidelity of the simulations. Next we have projected certain climate parameters, pressure, mean and extremes of temperature, and precipitation for the period April 20 – 31, 2013. The work is being continued.

The mind- boggling growth of novel technologies in medical sciences has turned the recent years, more than ever, into the collaboration arena for specialists from electronics and medicine. Although the precedence of employing knowledge and technologies of electronics dates back to the past decades, but the use of advanced modern electronic systems in medical treatments, particularly in non-invasive and minimally-invasive treatments, has indeed been one of the prominences of modern medicine in dealing with diseases. The technologies employed for the non -invasive treatment scheme have impacted many lives, and so have become very widespread, with the aim of eliminating or minimizing the need for physical insertion into the body and consequential damages to the skin, tissues and organs. The use of these technologies have been considered in four main categories of: wound management, drug delivery, non-invasive sensing and wearable monitors; amongst which non-invasive sensors seem to be widely adopted in medical treatments; thanks to their high flexibility, low cost, ease of use, and the short time-frame for availability of results. Considering the key role of the advanced tools and systems in implementing novel non- invasive treatment techniques, this article attempts to introduce some of the electronic systems used for such treatments, discussing their operation mechanisms, advantages and limitations, market dynamics, etc. The paper also provides an overall image of the present and future of medical electronics as well as offering grounds for cultivating such scientific research activities.

The relationship between industry and university has changed towards the fast development of knowledge market with the expansion of factors such as globalization, daily increase of competition at international level and fast technological changes. In order to increase innovation, efficiency and creation of wealth, universities and industry must have a suitable interaction. Different factors have impacts on cooperation between university and industry and it will be effective when they could establish link through a common language. Universities mainly speak with the language of expansion of knowledge frontiers and industries with the language of gaining profit and reducing costs. This lack of common language reduces the possibility of their effective interaction and cooperation with each other. For better and deep interaction defined Johari window. The Johari window(First name: Joseph and Harry) is a technique created in 1955 by two psychologists, Joseph Luft (1916–2014) and Harrington Ingham(1914–1995) used to help people or organizations better understand their relationship with self and others. It is used primarily in self- help groups and corporate settings as a heuristic exercise. On the other hands, by using the Johari Window and its application in intra-organizational communications, it is possible with the expansion of public area to increase the rate of awareness of university and industry from each other and they could emerge more effective in interaction with each other. In this process, if only one side of action begins to self-openness and the other one does not perform it, no link will be established. So, one of the measures which they should make is to understand and attract the trust of each other.

Elimination of illness from societies, its causes, recognition and its inhibition has been the main concern and motivational drive of compassionate scholars and scientists in their everlasting efforts in all the time. These lifesaving efforts has resulted to unrivaled achievements where by development and integration of knowledge in different scientific fields and by annihilating deadly disease, has enabled to bring hope and promise of healthy and quality life to mankind. These efforts with their highly valuable achievements, contributed significantly to elimination and inhibition of deadly diseases, whereby they brought hope and promise of a return to the quality of life to human societies. Diabetes, because of its growing trend, and the corrosive effects on individuals and societies, has always been an important motivational factor in scientific orientation of a group of well-known scientists in the world. Among these studies, some scholars in the past century were able to contribute a remarkable change in the process of diabetes treatment. The discovery of insulin was the first major step along with all the related studies and knowledge that have been gained. Valuable results of these studies brought them the highest scientific award, i.e. Noble prize, as the merit dedicating from scientific societies. In this study, we present a short report about diabetes and its variants, and some of the well-known scholars and their Noble prizes in the field of diabetes and related complications.

In today’s industrial world the survival of enterprises depends on their innovative approaches in line with the global economic system and market. Innovation is a crucial factor for enterprises to create value and sustainable competitive advantage in today’s complicated environment. “Open Innovation” (OI) focuses on crowd sourcing and the use of purposive inflows and outflows of knowledge to accelerate internal innovation, and expand the markets for external use of innovation, respectively. OI has been proposed as new paradigm in innovation management. A search in Google Scholar on open innovation provides over 2 million hits, Henry Chesbrough’s 2003 book has gathered more than 1,800 citations in just seven years. Although OI in developed countries with preliminary infrastructure is concerned, however newly derived approaches emerged from open innovation such as Frugal and Reverse innovation is more interested in developing countries. Frugal Innovations responds to limitations in resources, whether financial, material or institutional, and using a range of methods, turns these constraints into an advantage. Reverse innovation, on the other hand, leads to products which are created locally in developing countries, tested in local markets, and, if successful, then upgraded for sale and delivery in the developed world. In this Paper on the bases of rankings of the Social Sciences Research Network (SSRN) database, the best most cited papers on Open Innovation and related topics that have been published in 2013 containing new theories, recent case studies, preliminary results and pioneering researches have been overviewed. Researchers, Students on Management of Technology can freely access to full papers addresses highlighted in references part of this paper.

Non-governmental organizations and charitable foundations for the advancement of science are institutions which operate independent of the state, and fulfill their mission by receiving financial assistance from people. These institutions play a crucial role in promotion of science and technology in society and extending it to the areas where the state cannot provide funding. The current research investigates the status of scientific charitable foundations in Iran, the United States, Germany, Britain, and India from the perspective of scientific, technological and innovative development. The aim of current research is to do a comparative analysis of the status of non-governmental and charitable organizations whose aim is the advancement of science in the targeted countries, while delving into the issue of discovering the most suitable policies and strategies for the establishment and the continuation of such institutions. Without any doubt, experience and success of the targeted countries concerning the functions of such organizations can be used as a guide by the policy makers in the areas of non-governmental and charitable organizations, to discover the best approaches and procedures about the establishment, as well as the mode of activity, and the successful performance of these institutions. The methodology of this paper is based on descriptive analysis approach. Our findings show that only a few charitable foundations are active in areas of science, production and science promotion. We have identified various reasons to explain the discrepancy in this area between Iran and other countries. It seems that if we change the limiting factors (that we have discussed in this research), it would be possible to establish scientific charitable foundations. The current research shows that charitable foundations in the studied countries (with the exception of Iran) function according to their established frameworks and provide funding for fundamental and basic research. Unfortunately, charitable foundations in Iran perform within traditional frameworks. It is worth mentioning that there is a huge gap between the reality of Iranian scientific charitable foundations and how their counter parts in other countries operate. Scientific potential of Iranian scientific charitable institutions at best is to provide educational opportunities and health care to the needy people. As a result, science in its true sense does not play a role in these institutions. This is against the backdrop of the experience of institutions such as Nezammyyehs, and Darolhekmehs, in our history. Sadly, we have neglected this rich experience, while other countries have used these institutions as a model to develop their scientific charitable institutions.

A recently published book titled as “One Thousand Chief Executive Officers(CEF) ” is an excellent book that was published in 2009 of 512 pages in Vaziri format in New York. In this book, biography of individual who were recognized as founders of innovative ideas or had made a significant impact in the field during their position as Chief Executive Officers(CEF) is published. While in the first glance, one expects that the book to introduce one thousand However, no more than one tenth of this figure (from 54 nationalities) is given. This includes 197 from United States of America, 32 individuals from Britain, 23 individuals from China, 22 from France, 21 persons from Germany, 21 from India, 17 persons from Japan, 10 from Australia, 8 from Brazil, 7 from South Africa, 5 from Sweden, 5 from Holland, 4 from Spain,4 from Ireland, and the rest from Argentine, Armenia, Austria, Uganda, Bermuda, Belgium, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Tyiland, Turkey, Canarie Islands, Republic of Azarbaijan, Chekslavia, Denmark, Russia, Zimbaivia, Swiss, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Cypris, North Korea, Kishmir, Kenya, Cuba, Kuwait, Lebanon, Poland, Malawi. Maleisia, Romania, Moraco, Mexico, Norwegia, New Zealand, and Greece. In this book numerous valuable advices for management to be learned from, are given. It is therefore necessary that before going through the life history of outstanding managers, we refer to some of these advices and suggestions. Chief editor of the book Mr Andre David Sun states that in the inves-tigation of biography of successful well known managers, practical and not theoretical management aspects have been considered. Points of views as expressed here have been clear, brief and with no bias hoping that whatever this collection attempts to teach are put into practice and be applied.