نشریه جمعیت
پیاپی 81-82 (پاییز و زمستان 1391)

This study aims to assess the effects of governmental incentives on reverse migration among staff of the «Ministry of Agriculture” in Tehran. Data collection was performed using survey method and questionnaires. The study sample comprised of 319 staff. The data have been selected using appropriate stratified sampling method. Statistical tests of Somer’s, Phi and Cramer’s V, and Spearman correlation coefficients and Chisquare have been used. The results show that %82, %79. 2 and %75. 5 of respondents reported economical, social and institutional incentives as having minor effects in reverse migration, respectively. The main obstacles to the effectiveness of the government in departure of staff from Tehran, was lack of practicality and realization of governmental promises. %39. 8 of respondents reported that they do not emigrate under any circumstances from Tehran. While %36. 6 said they would have emigrate if facilities are provided similar to what exists in Tehran. The results of hypothesis tests, show that there is a significant but weak relationship between economic, social and administrative incentives and tendency to emigrate among staff from Tehran.

The aim of this paper is comparison of determinants of contraceptive use among Sunni and Shiite women resided in rural areas of cities of Ravansar and Gilangharb in Kermanshah Province. In this paper, the effect of demographic and socio-economic variables on contraceptive method use, was analyzed and compared between two groups of women. The method of this research was cross-sectional survey. The data derived from among 550 eligible women using structured questionnaire. The results with regard to knowledge of family planning methods show that %16.4 and %7 of Sunni and Shiite women had a low knowledge and the rest had an average to high knowledge on these methods, respectively. The prevalence of method used at the time of the study for Sunni and Shiite women was %81.8 and %83.6, respectively. The method use was more prevalent among Shiite women. The probability of method use in both Sunni and Shiite groups was elevated with number of live birth. Among Shiite women, knowledge of family planning methods had a significant association with use of these methods. The higher the level of knowledge, the more method was used. For Sunni women, the probability of using contraceptive methods was 3.36 times when the monthly expenses of children increased from under 100000 Tomans, to over 100000 Tomans, significantly, while for Shiite women, there was no such association. For Sunni women, women whose duration of marriage was 10-6 years, the probability of method use was significantly greater than other groups.

One way to achieve success in the competitive arena of international trade, is realizing competitive advantage in the form of lower costs of production or provision of variety of and low cost products in a country. To maintain this advantage, countries need to think of more complex longterm competitive advantages through supply of new goods and services or through the production of goods and services with higher efficiency. In both areas, the need for new innovations is essential. Economists suggest various factors that influence on the rate and type of innovation in the community and consider demographic factors as important in assessing the level of innovation. However, until now, there is no comprehensive study on the role of demographic factors on innovation indicators. Hence, this study sought to portray the role of demographic factors such as total population and the proportion of the active population to the total population on indicators of innovation in selected high and low populated countries during the period 2009-1986. Results indicate that generally, demographic factors have positive effects on innovation indicators. Despite this, in the Islamic Republic of Iran, that has higher population in comparison with lower-populated countries studied, demographic factors were not shown to impart much effect on innovation indicators.

Regional imbalance in the context of national space, made the study of network and system required to build the urban hierarchy a necessity in order to identify distribution and patterns of urban population and balance and imbalance in the regional urban hierarchy system. After assessment of current situation, some solutions can be suggested. Main objectives of this study are to assess the status of urban network and the phenomenon of prime urban of Yazd province. This paper analyses the urban network related to years 2011-1956 using the model of Zapf’s rank-size order, as modified; the prime urban and focus city index of Yazd. The results of this study show that this province, from one hand side, has encountered to elevated number of cities and population of urban areas, and from other side, reduction of hierarchical order of cities and imbalance in their distribution and their spatial distribution. Logical imbalance in the distribution of population in Yazd is due to centralization system in this geographical area. Therefore, the prime urban index exists in the province. Furthermore, the distribution system of the city in 1956 was coexisted with trend of greater focus and more prime urban. The focus was diminished from 1956 to 1986 and the focus has been moving toward a more appropriate distribution. From 1986 to 2011, the prime urban index was increased.

The purpose of this study is to assess the precision level of internal migration estimation based on existing formal data in databases which the government has access to and can manage these data. Also some solutions are proposed in order to precise estimation of internal migrations in an integrated way and aggregate provincial and city level. This study was conducted on migrants who migrated into some parts of Yazd province between 2006 and 2011. The sample size was 878 people from among 335 households which were selected using snowball sampling method. The main reasons for migration were (1) search for a better job and (2) searching for a job. The gender distribution of the migrants was equal. The main migration incentive among men was associated with job and career and it was marriage among women. Half of the migrants just migrated in order to follow their family, and no migration motivation was seen among them. According to information derived from the migrants, precision level of Ministry of Education portal in recording information related to migrant children is %93; but the kindergartens are only poorly covered (%16.3). Total coverage of these two institutions for children under 18, has been computed as %55.2. The health system portals are %38.6 reliable in initial coverage and %28.2 reliable in the sense of regular visit records for tracking and recording the migration cases. It is predicted that recording reliability can be improved to %60.4 by more efficiently organizing the regular visit records. Generally, this rate is expected to reach higher than 90 percent through establishment of regular visit to the family doctor. From among employed people, %39 have the occupations which can be recorded and tracked, like government posts. We can expect formal databases to cover more than %73 of over 18 people through combining the insurance data with occupational data. In total, the city to city movements can be estimated by estimated reliability of %80 using databases held by the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Education, the Social Security Insurance Department, and Government Personnel Portal together.

Utilizing new information and communication technologies has recently made evolving life inevitable. An important aspect of these technologies is evolving tourism and new form of cultural inherits attraction and introduction of rural virtual tourism. E-Tourism is electronic version of tourism that makes it possible to open new horizons and capabilities to rural tourism. Since, rural tourism is a prerequisite for development of tourism industry, e-tourism which is considered as revolution of tourism, is the origin of potential economic and cultural movement and development. Hence, rural e-tourism with its own potentials has important role in sustainable development. In this paper, we aim to investigate various aspects of electronic tourism and explain its role in sustainable rural development. The paper is based on library study, investigating scientific documents, extensible searches in Internet and also information databases.