مجله علوم گیاهان زراعی ایران
سال چهل و پنجم شماره 2 (تابستان 1393)

To evaluate the effect of biofertilizers on yield and yield components of a soybean cultivar (M9) under water stress condition، a study was carried out in a split plot randomized complete block design with three replications at research station of Bu Ali Sina university in 2012. The main plots included three levels of irrigation after 50، 100 and 150 mm evaporation from A pan and subplots included four biofertilizer treatments (Bradyrhizobium japonicum، arbuscular mycorrhizae، both biofertilizers and no biofertilizer). Results showed a significant effect of water deficit on number of pods per area، grains per pod، plant height، biological yield، grain and oil yields but seed weight، harvest index and oil percent were not affected. In the absence of moisture stress، biofertilizers had no significant effect on the most of traits even mycorrhizae reduced the plant height. Greatest reduction in soybean yield was observed in severe stress but the use of biofertilizers especially in both biofertilizers the negative effect of water stress minimized. So، the number of pods per area، seed weight، plant height، biological yield، grain and oil yields increased، respectively 33، 9. 6، 15. 4، 90، 93 and 170 percent compared to severe water stress in no- biofertilizers treatment.

Genetic diversity is the basis success of improving the quality and quantity of crops. Recognizing of genetic diversity and genetic potential of each plant species in plant breeding is necessary. In this study genetic diversity of 30 lentil samples belonging to collection of the college of agriculture of Krage were evaluated using RAPD molecular markers. RAPD products were scored for presence (1) or absence (0). 15 primers among 50 primers were used. 143 bands were scored. 137 bands were polymorphic. The primer UBC611 revealed highest polymorphic bands (16 bands) and the lowest polymorphic bands (5 bands) belonged to primers (G، B، UBC502 and J). Cluster analysis was carried out according to WPGMA algorithm with the Dice similarity coefficient. The studied genotypes were classified into four main groups at the similarity coefficient of 0. 56. The similarity varied from 0. 44 to 0. 89. The highest similarity (0. 89) was found between Yunan and Shili 16 genotypes، whereas، the lowest was between Shili 2 and Shili 17 (0. 44). According to the obtained results، there is a high and suitable option to assess genetic diversity among genotypes of lentils and RAPD molecular markers.

This experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications in 2012 at University of Zabol. Experimental treatments included phosphorus fertilizer at three levels of 0، 100 and 200 kg. ha-1 as the first factor and foliar humic acid at four levels of 0، 750، 1500، 2250 g. 1000 L water as the second factor. Results showed phosphorus treatment had significant effect on flower and seed yield. Yield components included biological yield، number of branches، number of capsules per plant، seed weight per plant and 1000 grain seed weight. Phosphorus treatment increased these traits and the highest seed yield (0. 61 ton. ha-1) and flower yield (0. 63 ton. ha-1) were obtained at the 100 kg. ha-1 treatment. P treatment significantly increased the photosynthetic pigments، soluble carbohydrate in leaves and seed phosphorus concentration. In this study، humic acid application by improvement yield components caused an increase in the grain yield. The highest grain yield was obtained at 1500 g. 1000 L water. Interaction between phosphorus fertilizer and humic acid، except biological yield and leaf soluble carbohydrate، had significantly effect on all of the yield components. The highest number of branches per plant، number of capsules per plant and 1000 seed weight were obtained by application of 1500 g. 1000 L water humic acid and 100 kg. ha-1 phosphorus treatment.

To investigate variation and detect of genomic regions controlling quality and quantity of malt extract in barely، a study was conducted using a set of 72 double haploid barley lines as well as their parents (Stepto & Morex) at experimental stations of University of Mahabad and Agricultural Research Center of Mian''doab in RCBD with two replications during cropping season (2011-12). Different characteristics including germination energy، total percentage of germination، seed dormancy، seed protein، seed malt extract، seed hull، hectoliter weight، seed plumpness، plant height، days to heading، spike length، seeds per spike، peduncle length، one thousand seeds weight، seed yield and harvest index were measured. QTL analysis was done using composite interval mapping (CIM) method for each trait by means of two environments; and Multiple Interval Mapping (MIM) method was exploited for assessment of significant interactions between loci، additive × additive epistasis and testing major effects of detected QTLs at a multiple regression model. For most of traits، transgressive segregation was observed in both positive and negative directions. For this study، a total of fifty-four QTLs with LOD ≥ 2. 5 (LR ≥11. 5) were identified. Explained genetic variance by these QTLs was varied by 37. 15 to 77. 24 and maximum LOD for the QTL controlling 1000 seed weight was obtained on chromosome 4H (QW4H) with a LOD =6. 36. The largest single QTLs belonging to the quantity and quality of barley grains malt were located on chromosomes 1H، 2H، 3H، 4H and 7H. Twelve additive × additive epistatic effects between identified QTLs were significant. The results revealed that water normal compared with the place had a significant role in the manifestation of malt quality traits. Meanwhile، in the studied haploids and their parents great variation was observed in terms of quantity and quality characteristics of barley malt. This variation can be exploited for different breeding purposes. In addition، identified stable and clustered QTLs could be used for qualitative and quantitative traits of barley malt in marker assisted selection (MAS). However، some detected markers can be identified as an informative marker for selection and increment of the concentration in the final malt extract and malt performance.

To investigate the physiological traits of corn in terms of lead contamination with iron spray، research factorial completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in the greenhouse. The treatments consisted four levels of lead (zero، 100، 200 and 400 mg kg-1 of soil)، two hybrids of maize (SC260 and SC704) and four foliar applications of iron sulfate (0، 0. 2، 0. 4 and 6%). Lead reduced the root volume، shoot height، shoot and root dry weight. Results showed the shoot of iron concentration increased in each of the levels of lead، with increased foliar concentrations of iron. The highest membrane stability index (88. 54%) of the 260 varieties of non-contaminated soil treatment and foliar composition of Fe 2 per thousand، the lowest value (42. 69%) of the 704 varieties treated with a combination of 400 mg Pb kg and 6 in thousands of foliar Fe was observed. Results showed that in terms of lead contamination، spray iron in low concentrations (2 and 4 per thousand) had a positive effect on the parameters studied. The results obtained in this trial، 704 compared with 260 varieties showed greater sensitivity to lead contamination.

In order to study the effect of harvesting time on yield of rapeseed cultivars، this research work was carried out at paddy fields of Rice Research Institute of Iran in Rasht andAmol during 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 cropping seasons. The experiment was conducted in a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Four rapeseed cultivars including Hyola 308، Hyola 401، Hyola 420 and RGS003 were arranged in main plots and four harvesting times in subplots. The criterion for harvesting was the moisture content of the seeds in the siliques of 1/3 base of main stem and moisture content of equal or greater than 40%، 35%، 25% and 15% were used as an indication for harvesting the cultivars. The results showed that Hyola 401 and second harvesting time had maximum grain yield (with average of 2427 and 2367 Kg ha-1)، oil yield (1066 and 1027 Kg ha-1)، biological yield (7666 and 7624 Kg ha-1)، harvest index (29. 99 and 30. 67%)، number of seeds in the siliques (25. 17 and 25. 25) and number of silques in plant (152. 7 and 144. 9). Hyola 401 in second harvesting time had maximum grain and oil yields and Hyola 308 in fourth harvesting time showed minimum grain and oil yields. Based on the obtained results، Hyola 401 and second harvesting time are superior compared to the other treatments due to fast field discharge for rice planting and having maximum grain and oil yields.

In order to investigate factors affecting on seed germinating of London rocket (Sisymbrium irio)، lab experiments were set up in 2011 at the Payamenoor University، Mashhad، Khorasan Razavi province. Effect of different concentrations of Gibberellic acid (GA3) and Cytokinin، wet and dry prechilling duration، hydrogen peroxide duration، ethanol، salt and osmotic stress and burial depth on seed germination and seedling emergence were investigated. Increasing concentration of GA3 from 50 ppm to 100 ppm enhanced germination of London rocket، but higher concentration of GA3 had inhibition effect. Wet prechilling was more effective than dry prechilling in seed germinating of London rocket. Increasing concentration of cytokinin decreased seed germination. Seed germination of London rocket was reduced by increase in duration of soaking in hydrogen peroxide. Ethanol had inhibition effect on germination Osmotic and salt stress decreased seed germination. Seed germination decreased with increase in burial depth. Results from the study could be used for integrated weed management programs.

In order to investigate the effect of Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP) application on yield and yield components of kidney bean under water deficit stress، a field experiment was conducted in split-factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Hamedan، in 2012. Water deficit stress at four levels including vegetative stress، reproductive stress vegetative+reproductive stress and without stress as main plot and cultivars (Akhtar and Derakhshan) and SNP foliar at three concentrations (0، 150 and 300 µM) as sub plot were used. Results showed that interaction between water deficit and foliar application had significant effect on characteristics such as subshrub number per plant، pod number per plant، seed number per pod، seed weight، seed yield and biological yield. Vegetative+reproductive stress reduced seed yield in Akhtar and Derakhshan cultivars about 34 and 35. 5 percent. Reproductive stress reduced seed yield and it''s components about 6 and 6. 5 percent in Akhtar and Derakhshan cultivars more than vegetative stress. SNP application (300 µM) enhanced seed yield in Akhtar and Derakhshan cultivars about 17 and 16 percent under reproductive stress. 300 µM concentration of SNP had most influence on amelioration of water stress effect on yield and yield components of both cultivars. So، it’s recommended SNP foliar application (300 µM) for bean under water deficit stress.

Galbanum (Ferula gummosa BIOSS) is a medicinal، commercial and industrial plant in Iran but its cultivation is restricted by seed dormancy. Therefore، a study was conducted to determine class and environmental requirements for breaking of seed dormancy. During imbibition study، both scarified and intact seeds exhibited similar pattern in water uptake and it seems there is not physical dormancy. Moreover، excised embryos from dormant seeds did not germinate in MS medium، therefore there was not mechanical dormancy. Cold stratification (3˚C) for 75 days reduced seed dormancy (germination percentage increased up to 94%). Increment in stratification temperature reduced dormancy، as cold stratified seeds for 75 days had 50 and 35% germination in 6 and 10˚C، respectively. Stratification of seeds in alternative temperatures increased seed germination، but storing wet seeds in high temperatures for long time caused seed deterioration and decreased seed viability. Thus، the longest time in which seeds can be stored at high temperature (20 ˚C) is 30 days and seeds start to deteriorate after this time. The best condition for dormancy breaking was alternative temperatures (60/30 days، hot-cold) which resulted in 87% germination. It was shown that embryo grows during cold stratification. According to the results، galbanum seed dormancy is classified as Deep-Complex Morphophysiological dormancy.

Germination stage is an important stage of plant growth stage that often is affected by environmental stress including water and salinity stresses including drought and salinity. In order to study germination characteristics of Scrophularia striatain water and salinity stress conditions at different temperatures an experiment was conducted. Temperatures regimes included 5، 10، 15، 20، 25، 30 and 45°C. For each temperature the treatment، for salinity and water stress was seven potentials (zero، -2، -4، -6، -8، -10 and -12 bar) of NaCl and seven potentials (zero، -2، -4، -6، -8، -10 and -12 bar) of PEG. Results showed that increasing water and salinity stress decreased significantly germination rate، germination percentage، plumule and radicle length. The minimum decrease of germination characteristics in stress was observed at 25°C. Results showed that optimum temperature for this plant is 28. 69°C.

To study the effects of different levels of seed ageing and bacteria inoculation on yield of common bean at field conditions، an experiment was carried out as factorial arranged in RCBD design with three replications at Research Farm of University of Tehran (Karaj-Iran) in 2012. Treatments consisted of four levels of seed ageing (0 (control)، 3، 6 and 9 days at 41°C and 90-100% relative humidity) and bacterial inoculations at four levels (Control (no bacteria)، Rhizobium oligominusarum، Pseudomonas putida and co-inoculation by Rhizobium oligominusarum and Pseudomonas putida). Results showed that application of bacterial inoculants significantly increased grain yield and yield components of common bean compared to non-inoculated plants. However، the highest values of these traits were observed with co-inoculation by Rhizobium oligominusarum and Pseudomonas putida. Results showed that interaction between ageing and bacteria inoculation was significant for 100 grain weight.

An experiment was conducted as a split plot based on complete randomized block design with three replications in the fall of 2010 at the farm of Lorestan University، Khorramabad، Iran. Four winter wheat cultivars (Marvdasht، Azar، Shiraz and Line M-79-7) as the main plot and levels of iron oxide nanoparticles (ION) along with control treatment were the subplot. Iron fertilizer spraying was done in two stages: beginning the stem elongation and beginning the flowering. The results showed the significant differences between the cultivars in relation to many traits including leaf area duration، net assimilation rate، growth rate، relative growth rate، grain and biological yield، harvest index، SDS sediment، grain protein and iron. Marvdasht cultivar was superior to the others because of grain yield (6. 4 t/ha under 250 ppm of ION)، grain protein (15. 39% under 500 ppm ION) and grain iron (202. 4 ppm under 1000 ppm of ION). But in terms of sediment volume of SDS، Shiraz cultivar (74. 33 mm under 750 ppm of ION) was higher than the others. Generally، foliar application of ION improved some physiological parameters and grain yield، harvest index، sediment SDS، grain protein and iron of all varieties and line M-79-7. Overall، 750 ppm of ION was the most effective for improvement of SDS and grain iron content meanwhile 500 ppm of ION was better for leaf area duration. The importance of the role of iron in plant physiology on the one hand، and difficulties in calcareous soils in relation to providing enough iron requirement for the plant at the other hand، show more necessity of using iron fertilizer especially as foliar application method. It can be said that the iron fertilizer can improve crop growth and yield also nutritional value by increase in iron and protein.

The high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) compositions of 19 diploid wild wheat (T. boeoticum) and 36 diploid wild wheat (A. tauschii) were determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). All of T. boeoticum were characterized for their HMW-GS، showed 2* in their Glu-A1 locus. In the study of Aegilops tauschii that were collected from Iran and 7 neighboring countries، high allelic diversity was absorved. Six alleles were identified at Glu-D1 loci in Iranian Aegilops tauschii and four alleles were founded for Glu-D1 locus in Aegilops tauschii in neighboring countries. In addition، some rare subunits combinations such as 2+10، 2+11 and 11 were found in this study، that were new subunits in compared with previous studies I Irani. Also، subunits 1. 5+12 and 2+T2 were the scarcity subunits that were detected in Aegilops tauschii of neighboring countries.

In order to determine the optimum planting date under deficit output area، this research was carried-out in 2010-11 and 2011-12 cropping seasons، in split-plot arrangement، using complete randomized block design with three replications in Khuzestan Agriculture and Natural Resource Research Center. Main and sub plots were consisted of four planting dates (Oct. 27 with 10 days interval) and four superior lines، respectively. Results showed that effect of year was significant for days to heading and physiological maturity، biological yield، grain yield، grain number per spike and grain growth rate. The interaction effect of planting date × genotype was significant only for harvest index. The effect of planting date was significant for spike per unit area. Genotypes difference were significant for days to heading، harvest index، thousand grain weight، spike per unit area، grain number per spike and grain growth period. The highest grain yield with 6268 Kg/ha was obtained in the second planting date. Except grain filling rate، correlations of grain yield were positively significant with all other traits. Grain yield decreased in response to planting delay، mainly due to the reduction of grain filling period. According to the polynomial equation of grain yield trend، Nov. 17 determined as the optimum planting point.

Wheat stem reserves can be an important contributor to grain particularly under decrease in the source strength through defoliation. The aim of this research was to study ability remobilization as important contribution on yield stability under drought conditions and to investigate their intrinsic compensatory mechanism in the wheat cultivars with different degrees of resource limitations under source limited conditions. To test this hypothesis، two separate field experiments were carried out at research field of university college of Agriculture and Natural Resources، university of Tehran (located in Karaj) during 2010-2011 growing seasons. First experiment was carried out in a split plot design based on RCBD that included 36 wheat cultivars and different levels of defoliation (non-defoliated control (ND)، removal of all leaves (FD)، removal of all leaves except the flag leaf (PD)) and the Second experiment as a randomized complete block design that included 36 wheat cultivars and chlorophyll desiccation. The plants were defoliated and desiccation in 15 day after flowering growth stage. The result showed that removal of all leaves except the flag leaf (PD) and all leaves (FD) caused reduction of grain weight by 8% and 22%، respectively. Also highest grain yield were obtained of Fongh cultivar in PD and FD treatment. Generally cultivars with higher accumulation were less affected by defoliation treatments. Wide ranges of remobilization were detected between cultivars and highest remobilization was obtained of Crossed Shahi cultivar. Contribution of stem reserves to grain yield was by 36%.