فصلنامه پازند
پیاپی 34-35 (پاییز و زمستان 1392)

Critical Discourse Analysis puts stress on this fact that situational and intertextual context, power and ideological relations in the society make language and through language these structures, processes and ideologies have been fixed within the society. The following study takes a contrastive analysis on the lexical equivalence of the story "Araby" from two translated texts. Authors believe Critical discourse analysis can help translators in the process of translation. According to the Fairclough's model, Critical discourse analysis (2001), description precedes interpretation and explanation. But in translation criticism one process as REPRODUCTION is added to this model which contains three previous layers, these layers work simultaneously in the forth level, REPRODUCTION. The discursive structures in the paper are as follow: Choice of words, pronouns, passive structures versus active voices and suppression.

The present research is an attempt to study the semantic relations in Yazdi lexicon. Considering the importance of semantic system of language (between the words) and insufficiency of the studies on Yazdi lexicon, the author has tried to study the semantic relations in Yazdi lexicon. To gather the data (3908), the words in Yazdi dictionary (Afshar, 1382), Yazdi words and dialects (Hatamizadeh, 1383), ten books and dictionaries related to Yazd are taken into consideration. The research method is descriptive analytic. The findings of the research reveal that among Yazdi lexicon relations, synonym has the highest frequency 19.4 % and homophony has frequency 0.42 %.

The purpose of this research is to examine the metaphor in automatic Kurdish language from a cognitive point of view and on the basis of “conceptual metaphor theory”. After analyzing some data from everyday speech in Gurani dialect, existing linguistic metaphors in them are extracted, and then their underlying conceptual metaphors are determined and classified. The findings of this research show that orientation, ontological and container metaphors as well as personification are found frequently in everyday Kurdish language. Once more these findings prove the fact that the use of metaphor is not just restricted to literary language but must be seen as an essential part of mind and language system of human.

There is a widely accepted, through imprecise approach to semantics of plural NPs, based on the concept of "sums", which is from the traditional notion of "sets" in logic. It is believed that we recognize sums of things as a part of our ontology, while this does not necessarily occur in the case of sets. To account for the meaning of a plural NP, the above- mentioned model of interpretation considers sums of things directly. However, there has been another model which, by contrast, takes singular entities as part of sums. Both models represent just a totality of the referential function of the plural NPs. They can't make a distinction between distributive and collective readings or between existential and generic readings of plural NPs. This paper tries to draw the logical forms of the related sentences regarding various readings. We will see that plural NPs can refer to at least four types of sums. Moreover, reference to these types is not encoded semantically in the NPs themselves; it is mostly the result of the world- language interaction.

The present study is a description of the intonational properties of three different kinds of interrogatives in colloquial Persian: yes/no questions, WH-questions, and echo questions. This study has been done in the framework of the autosegmental-metrical theory of intonation, with the help of Praat software and ToBI. The results, which are based on the utterances recorded, show that the Persian Accentual Phrase (AP) with the pitch accent (L+)H* is present in all question types. So the differences among them are because of their Accentual Phrase boundary tones and Intonational Phrases. While WH-questions often end in a low Intonational Phrase boundary tone (l L%), Echo questions end in a high tone (hH%). However, Yes/no questions, whose structures is similar to declaratives’, are characterized by a high Intonational Phrase boundary tone (H%), and have greater pitch syllables. Duration of the Last vowel is considerable in these questions, too.

Contextual consideration in language study separates contemporary linguistics approaches from each other. In other words, although formal approaches do not consider context in language study, other approaches like functionalism and interdisciplinary as pragmatics, sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics and psycholinguistics believe language is a social phenomenon so, it is necessary to pay attention to social context in language study. In spite of context is a basic and common component in approaches of linguistics that consider language use, we cannot find a common and comprehensive definition of context and its constituents in these approaches. They do not describe this component in the same way, because they have different purposes by studying of context. The purpose of this essay is to consider context and its constituents from systematic functional linguistics, sociolinguistics and ethnolinguistics approaches.