فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 21 (تابستان 1390)

Late changes in the social context of Kerman province, in the era before constitutionalism led to vast family relations. At this time, forming and developing the power domain of two families of Ebrahimi (related to Ebrahim Khan Zahirodoleh) and Vakili (related to Mohammad Esmail Khan Nouri, the first Vakilolmolk) along with competition and attempts to gain social-economic positions of power, provoked the government into entering to this area of competition, in a way that some of the governors exploited this situation for their special political aims. Especially, during the ruling of Abbas Gholi Khan, The second Vakilolmolk, because of some political family classifications some riots were launched against the ruling family with the excuse of bad living conditions. Some of the sectarian disputes between Kerman Sheikhieh and the Shias should also be explained based on relations and Kermani family classifications. For example, sectarian disagreements between Sheikhieh and the Shias that occurred at the time of ruling of Roknoddoleh originated from ruling familie's political disputes.

In the history of Shia, one of the significant issues that we face is the role which families play in it. These families, in the presence and absence era of imams, have effective role in formation of politicalinstitutions, thoughts and ideas and also Shiite survival. Some of families were political activists. For example, when the Shiite Imams were controlled by the ruling system, they attend to the role of lawyers in mediation between the Imams and the Shiite and take responsibility about it.The others by influential positions in the Abbasid caliphate and the appointment of Supreme Court, and even the ministry, make Great help to preserve and strengthen of the Shiite movement. This family is including of: Nobakhti family, Yaghtin, Euphrates, and so on. This research attempted to introduce one of Shiite family and his role in politicalcultural and social developments of Shiite in the third and fourth centuries of Hegira.

Much debate about the Crusades and the research has been done. But in one of the most influential figures of the Al Ayoubi the Crusades and other books such as Al Ayoubi Alber Sandor less work has been done. In this study we investigated the role of Salahuddin in the war with Frngyan, After a brief address to the formation of character and life of Salah al-Din and Salah al-Din Ayoubi and power and then He started the war and the conquest of Jerusalem and other cities of Palestine Frngyan have investigated, Salah al-Din, the ruler of an important and key role in the war with a Frngyan, The most important actions of liberation and conquest of Jerusalem is occupied Frngyan. Methods used in this project is a library and resource use are valid.

The Islamic Revolution of Iran was an extensive movement and a general rising of Iranian nation to overthrow Pahlavi regime and establish Islamic Republic which never was limited to a special area, city or district and all of the people played a role in it’s victory. The people of Ilam along with other areas of the country revolted against Pahlavi Despotism and expressed their opposition by rallies, demonstration and strikes. The role of religious leaders on the one hand and educators and intellectuals on the other hand was very important. Alliance between them led to organize demonstrations and strikes that repeated everyday during 1357, the events of Shahrivar that some people were killed brought in most of the people to the street because of demographic composition. Eventually, the alliance and integration against Pahlavi regime led to decline of regime and establishment of the Revolution institutions.

Introducing outstanding Shiite religious dignitaries as well as acquainting the people with their knowledge and shining background shows the blessings and influences of these great men and is indeed a kind of dissemination of Shia thoughts. Shiite scholars like the late Molla Mohammad Kazem Khorasani known as Akhound Khorasani are an honor to the Muslim world. The late Akhound Khorasani is among the greatest Shia religious authorities of contemporary Iran and Iraq who educated many outstanding Shia scholars. It is famous that great men of knowledge participated in the lectures of Akhound Khorasani in Najaf. The late Akhound Khorasani was morally and intellectually speaking very much grown up and was even respected by his opponents. The present study focuses on the life account and scholarly life of the late Akhound Khorasani along with the most important academic and intellectual developments during his presidency at Islamic Hawzah of Najaf. We try to have a detailed look at the crucial historical events of the life of this great man too. First we discuss the important travels of the Late Akhound Khorasani to Tehran and Najaf. Then we will elaborate on the scholarly life of the late Akhund Khorasani including an introduction to his most prominent students and the mastery the late Akhound had over Islamic Figh. Moral piety is among the most outstanding features of the late Akhound Khorasani. The late Akhound's life is discussed in terms of this feature as both a student and a grand religious authority. His relation with his students and opponents is also studied in this thesis. This thesis is of descriptive nature and the author collected his data from books, articles, journals and documents related to the life of the Late Grand Ayatollah Akhound Khorasani.

Crusades is the conflict between two civilizations, Islam and Christianity in during (11- 13) centuries, it eventually causes Muslim’s victory. Although they were an exchanged in all fields that not only they had been started in during the cross wars but also they continued many years after the wars. It was different in a way that the aspect that the army dimensions has changed to the culture one. The topic that historians include Muslim and Christianity notify about quality of exchanged and adopt is the wars event and its effects for both party in some cases two sides adopted culture from each other. But the inheritance that West earned from the East was more than East adoption. It must be notified that European emphasize on the aspects that includes trade, industry and army principles which every aspect depends on each other -that everyone causes developing another ones. This article is written by the different methods include descriptive, analyzing and also use librarian resources.

Before inventing and emerging the coin, barter transaction was done. Upon emerging the coin, that is one of the research resources in the history, discipline in transactional and economic affairs, more communication of the people and nations with each other, trying for developing international trades and paying attention to improve the circumstances were resulted. The coins were made of different metals and regarded the greatest invention after the script as believed by scientists. The oldest known coin in the world belonged to Senakhrib, king Ashur, which was made about the year 700 A.H and after Ludieh victory, the Kerososi coins developed in Iran by the Achaemenid dynasty of Cyrus. The opportunity for minting coins was not attained at the age of Cyrus and Khashayar Shah, but one of the actions of Darius I was the minting coins from gold and silver named Daryek, meaning Darius and was the oldest Iranian coin. Then, the other countries started to mint coin. The coin are made by two ways: moulding and minting. Cerpersi Saiksess said that " Darius I was an Iranian king started to mint coin at the age of the Achaemenian. No local rulers and kings had the authority to mint coin for their own names without Darius 's permission. The image on the coin indicates that it is related to which one of the Achaemenid king and also identifies the coin name.

Historical research shows that punishment is the length of human life. With a brief review of the various policies and strategies adopted to combat crime and criminals instrument response can influence the theoretical foundations and patterns as inspiration sources policymakers criminal (or punitive) realized. Punish and punish offenders over several centuries for the purpose of development is affected in a way that in every era and the era, the goal is certain to follow. Despite the continuous dynamics of criminal thinking that led to the emergence of various schools have been. In the past, the goal of simply punishing punishment, intimidation and exclusion were the culprits. For a long time, corporal punishment was the only form of punishment and sentencing as a human being considered and will not be considered. Changed punishments were deep and broad. Man look led to criminal penalties as much as possible and whenever possible, to return offenders to the community and not be used to repeat offenders of anti-social acts. Thus, the goal is building community with the aim of opening up the criminal policy of moderation and forgiveness will lead to penal institutions, such as: pardon, parole, early release, deferred sentences, suspended sentences of its results. Therefore the aim of the present paper to the categories of major historical developments from the perspective of punishment as a criminology major schools of classical, neoclassical, and the realization of social defense and to consider scrutinized.