نشریه فنآوری تولیدات گیاهی
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (تابستان 1393)

In this research in order to investigate the effect of municipal waste wastewater and compost on growth parameters and heavy metals concentration in basil a completely randomized factorial experiment (with three repeat) was desgned and illustrated in lysimeteric greenhouse condition. The first factor consists of three watering: treated wastewater (W1)، a composition of 50% raw wastewater and 50% fresh water (W2) and fresh water (W3). The second factor consisted of two levels of compost: 80 tons per hectare (C1) and without any compost (C2) and third factor concerned to the time of harvesting (T1، T2 and T3). After lysimeters design and construction، they were filled with three layer of soil based on natural soil profile of the region and and than basil was cultivated. The results showed that the effect watering quality on all growth paramiters and heavy metal (except Zn in the leaves) were significant. W1 identified as a watering with the highest heavy metal concentration. The effect of compost on plant growth parameters was only significant effect on stem height. It also showed significant effects on all heavy metal except cadmium. The maximum growth parameters and heavy metal concentration were observed in C1. Time of harvesting effect on dry weight and plant height were significant. This results show that the growth parameters and heavy metal concentration were increased during the next harvesting. Interaction effect of watering quality and compost was not significant، excepted to Pb and Mn in leaves. The interaction of watering quality and harvesting were significant only in wet and dry weights. The maximum crop wet (377. 78) and dry (42. 83 gm) weights were observed in W1T2 and W1T3، respectively. The highest concentration of Pb (0. 17) and Mn (53. 28 mg in dry weight) was observed in treated C1W2.

Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) cut flower has magnificent economical value in international cut flower industry. Due to sensitivity to ethylene and microbial growth in preservatives، it has a short vase life. In order to assess the effects of essential oils (thymol، menthol and eugenol) on quality and vase-life of cut flower of gerbera، an experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design. The cut flowers of gerbera were treated with thymol (75 and 125 mg/L)، menthol (75 and 125 mg L-1) and eugenol (50 and 100 mg L-1) along with control (distilled water) treatment. Essential oils were applied as long-term treatment. Sucrose (4%) was added to all preservative solutions of experimental units. All treated cut flowers were stored at 25±2 º C and RH of 50-55%. The results indicated that the highest vase-life was obtained in thymol 125 mg L-1 (8/91 day) followed by menthol 75 mg L-1 (9/08 day) and eugenol 50 mg L-1 (8/99 day) compared to control (7/49 day). Among all treatments، thymol and menthol increased preservative solution uptake، stem and flower diameter and decreased preservative pH and microorganism growth. Thus، these essential oils are suggested as the best treatment based on the results obtained in this study.

In order to evaluation new sweet cherry includes seven cultivars: Stella، Sunburst، Germesdorfi clon3، Summit and Sabima and Iranian national cultivar”Siahmashad” and Silege delamarka as a early ripen cultivar cultured in RCBD design with 3 replication and 4 trees in each block. Evaluations that was achieved for 3 years (from 2007) include: vegetative traits (annual growth، stem diameter، canopy extension، tree height، flowering and leafing date and Number of spurs on 2 years old branches)، bearing and some qualitative and quantitative traits. Analysis of variance on vegetative traits achieved in three years and compared of means. Results showed that Flowering date، qualitative and quantitative traits of cultivars are various. Cultivars had significant differences between percent of fruit set at 2 open and artificial status of pollination. Stella and Summit cultivars was late flowering، late leafing and showed abundant spurs on 2 years old branches. Stella and Sunburst have 21 and 16 percent self-feretility respectively. Silege delamarka and summit have lowest (5. 5gr) and highest (10. 3gr) fruit weight respectively. Siahmashhad، Sunburst، Germesdorfi3 and Sabima had the highest vegetative growth. These cultivars hadn’t any significant differences on stem diameter in 3 years that analyzed of variance.

Almond (Prunus dulcis [Webb] D. A. Mill) is an economically important species of genus Prunus. Self-incompatibility and low quality fruit are the most important limitative problems for fruit set and cropping in almond tree. In this study، 50 almond genotypes obtained from crossing between some superior self-incompatible local genotypes and ''Tuono'' (self-compatible cultivar) were analyzed with fluorescence microscope method. Results showed that 11 genotypes were self-compatible، three genotypes were questionable and others were recognized as self-incompatible. To evaluate morphological diversity، twenty-two vegetative and generative characteristics were evaluated. Results indicated that all characteristics were significantly different among examined genotypes. Factor analysis divided genotypes into eight factors that covered 91. 04from total variance. Results Factor analysis indicate characteristics such as: kernel wrinkles، nut size، kernel length، shell thickness، shell pattern and nut diameter had highest effect on genotypes diversity. Finally، genotypes 6، 15، 20، 25 and 46 were introduced as superior ones based on their nut weight and kernel characteristics. Genotype No. 15 and 25 was self-compatible in addition of having good fruit and nut characteristics.

Strawberry is a sensitive plant to salinity and saline conditions. Salinity affects growth، yield and fruit quality. This study aimed to investigate the interaction of chelated Zinc (Zn-EDTA) and salinity effects on some physiological characteristics of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch) cv. Selva. A greenhouse experiment was carried out under hydroponic conditions. The experimental design was conducted as a factorial experiment using completely randomized design، with three levels of Sodium Chloride (0، 15 and 30 mM) and also three levels of chelated Zinc (0، 40، and 80 mg/l) as a foliar spray، each in three replications. The results showed that leaf electrolyte leakage increased under NaCl salinity and zinc chelate treatment was able (p ≤ 0. 01) to reduce it significantly. Foliar application of chelated zinc reduced leaf proline content and increased leaf soluble proteins level، chlorophyll index and leaf relative water content. However، this effect was not statistically significant in terms of stress conditions. Chelated Zinc also showed a significant effect on increasing leaf soluble carbohydrates under stress condition. Based on the results of the present study، foliar application of chelated Zinc could be suggested for reducing salt stress induced effects on strawberries cultivated at this condition.

Water scarcity is the most important factors constraining agricultural production all over the world. Water shortage of agricultural must be established to use the deficit irrigation. In other hand، deficit irrigation as a limiting factor affecting growth، physiological characteristics of plants. In order to study the effects of deficit irrigation on chlorophyll content، leaf area index and root parameters، an experiment was conducted in research farm of sari agricultural and Natural Resource University in 2012. The experiment Treatments were arranged as randomized complete block design with tree replications. The irrigation regimes consisted of full irrigation (FI-100)، regulated deficit (DI-75، DI-55) and partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD-75، PRD-55). The results showed that medium and severe drought stress was caused to increase and decrease in chlorophyll index (SPAD) respectively. The maximum leaf area index (6. 4) was attained in full irrigation treatment at the end of the irrigation season. That not difference with PRD75% treatment. Maximum volume، surface area and root length were allocated to Deficit irrigation and partial root Deficit irrigation in 75% water requirement treatment. This is due to the increasing in the secondary roots in these treatments relative full irrigation treatment. therefore PRD75% treatments In addition saving in water consumption provides Better use of soil moisture and sunlight And PRD75 treatment can be considered as suitable way for cope with the water crisis and achieve a sustainable agriculture.

Major problem in arid and semi-arid regions of the world is limited water sources in the agricultural sector. Wastewater may be used for long time in order to provide plant water with some consideration of side effects on soil chemical characteristicsS. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of applied Bu-Ali industrial wastewater on some chemical properties of soil and the growth of Radish (Raphanus Sativus) plant. The green house experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replicates for growing Radish and was irrigated with wastewater (0%، 25%، 50%، 75% and 100%). The results revealed that the applied treatments increased significantly PH، EC، soluble and exchangeable sodium، sodium absorption ratio، soluble calcium and magnesium، available phosphorous and soil anions of chloride، sulfate and bicarbonate. The total and available concentrations of heavy metals in irrigated soils were higher in comparison with tap water، however it was much less than background in which was not adverse effect on soil. The results also showed that radish yield (dry and wet) was irregular trend in which the maximum was in 50% and the minimum observed for 100% treatment. Wastewater was not affected on heavy metal concentrations of radish plant; it was affected on the concentration of sodium، phosphorus and potassium significantly. Sodium concentration in the roots and aerial parts of Radish increased in all treatments، while the potassium concentration decreased. Moreover، the concentration of phosphorus was irregular trend and it had maximum and minimum concentrations for 50% and 100% treatments respectively.

Effect of Salicylic acid (SA) at (0، 1 and 2 mM) and Putrescine (P) at the same concentration were surveyed on self-life and fruit quality of Fragaria × ananassa ''Selva''. Fruits had stored at 2± 0. 5°C and 85–95% RH for 14 days. Some traits such as fruit rot; overall quality and marketability، pH، titratable acidity (TA)، total soluble solids (TSS)، ascorbic acid content، total anti-oxidant activity and total phenolics were evaluated after storage. Both SA and P application، separately or connectively، decreased fruit rot and significantly maintained fruit quality after end of storage period. Application of SA in 1، 2 (mM)، P in 1 (mM)، and also SA in 1 (mM) + P in 2 (mM) had the most effect on it. Usage of SA and P significantly affected fruit quality and maintained pH and TSS، TA، vitamin-C and total anti-oxidant activity too. These results show that SA and P influences on fruit quality have been marked.

The present study was conducted to assess the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and drought stress on some physiological parameters and antioxidant activity of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings. Three levels of drought stress including stress-free conditions (irrigation within the field capisity)، mild stress (60% of field capacity) and sever stress (30% of field capacity) and four concentrations of ALA including 0 (as a control)، 0. 25، 0. 5 and 1 mM were investigated. In drought stress condition، growth parameters reduced، but chlorophyll a، b، total chlorophyll،carotenoids، anthocyanins and peroxidase activities increased. Application of ALA caused significant increasing of peroxidase enzyme activities، total chlorophyll content، chlorophyll a and b، carotenoids، anthocyanins and weight، length and diameter of fruits. Interaction effects of ALA and drought stress were significant in measured parameters except fruits length. The results showed that ALA could be effective approach in reducing negative effects of drought stress and maintaining antioxidant capacity of pepper.

In this study، the microproliferation of leaf explants in African violet was evaluated as several experiments، independently. Different stages of experiments was included study of the best way to disinfect of surface، establishment medium of explants، determination of the most suitable concentration of hormone for shoot regeneration and proliferation. also induction of rooting in vivo was done using different media. The results showed that the best treatment for explants disinfection were 70 % ethanol for 30 seconds with 1 % sodium hypochlorite for 10 minutes. The highest percentage of shoot induction and proliferation was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 2 mgL-1BA. In rooting stage، in vitro rooting was removed، and regenerated plantlets were successfully rooted in vivo conditions. The best medium for rooting was Peat- Perlite powder with the longest root and the most survival. after establishment of the plantlets، they transferred to soil in natural conditions and were kept in the greenhouse.

Contamination in tissue culture is a common problem that induces the elimination of some or whole explants in tissue culture medium. The aim of this study was to eliminate or decreasing the contamination in tissue culture. In stage one، for determination of the best anti-fungi material and suitable concentration for spore germination inhibitory of Penicillium digitatum، inhibitory spore germination pre-test on MS medium was examined. Result showed that the best treatments for spore germination inhibitory were cinnamon essential oil with 50 and 75 ppm and methyl and propyl paraben at concentration of 600 and 225 ppm. In stage two، hyphe growth of Penicillium digitatum in selected treatment was evaluated. Result emphasis that in the selected treatment، spore germination was inhibited better than hyphe growth. The highest and lowest hyphe growth was related to cinnamon essential oil and methyl paraben treatment. In stage three، apple plantlets with essential oil and paraben in various concentrations were cultured on MS medium. Result showed that in the whole treatment، increasing the concentration of anti-fungal materials reduced growth properties of plants. The best growth of apple plantlets was observed in cinnamon essential oils. In stage four، the effect of paraben and essential oils with spore of Penicillium digitatum in MS medium on growth of plantlets was evaluated. Result showed that although methyl and propyl paraben at concentration of 600 and 225 ppm controlled spore germination very well but contamination in MS medium appeared. Therefore، the best treatment was cinnamon essential oil at concentration of 50 and 75 ppm.

The genus Silene L. with more than 2200 species is the largest genera of the family Caryophyllaceae in the world mostly distributed in north hemisphere، Europe، Asia and North Africa. About 110 species of this genus grow in Iran، of which 35 are endemic with narrow geographical distribution. Saponins are one of the important secondary metabolites that are found among members of the genus Silene. In this research، saponins from aerial parts of Silene bupleuroides L. were extracted by three different methods. Quantitative and qualitative measurements of saponins were done by spectrophotometery and Thin Layer Chromatography methods، respectively. Results showed that solubility and stability of saponins were affected by features of solvents and special solvents can remove undesirable compounds and increasing extraction efficiency. Five dotswere obtained from S. bupleuroides، of which a dot with Rf = 0. 33 is the major components. In addition، antibacterial activity of the saponins was investigated against 4 different Gram negative and positive bacteria including Proteus vulgaris، Citrobacter amalonaticus، Bscillus cereus and Enterobacter aerogenes by disc diffusion method. Proteus vulgaris and Citrobacter amalonaticus are the most sensitive bacteria treated bysaponins of different parts.