مجله پژوهش های حبوبات ایران
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 8، پاییز و زمستان 1392)

This study was carried out to purify Chitti bean cultivars. In the first year، 11 populations were collected from main Chitti bean cultivating areas. Based on some criteria such as higher yield، earlier maturity، more pods and tolerance to pests and diseases، single plants were selected. In the second year، seeds of each selected single plant as well as controls (Talash and COS16) were managed to compare in a preliminary yield trial. 23 lines were chosen based on the traits as mentioned above. In the third year، these lines along with two controls were planted in a 5*5 square Lattice design in two replications. From this experiment، nine superior lines were selected. These lines along with three controls were compared in a RCBD with 4 replications to distinguish the best lines. In the fifth year، from the 6 last year selected lines، three pure lines showed good performance to be selected. To determine environmental compatibility، yield and other agronomic traits، these three lines and four native pure lines from Fars province were evaluated. Results showed that there were significant differences among lines. Z1 from Zanjan and E10 and E9 from Eghlid were the best lines with 2546، 2328 and 2313 kg/ha seed yield، respectively.

In order to assess and identify genetic diversity and genetic relationships of the 64 Kabuli chickpeas genotypes, an experimental design was carried out in a simple lattice design (8×8) in 2009-2010 cropping season on the Research Field of College of Agriculture and Natural Resource of Tehran University. The results of phenotypic correlation showed that grain yield per plant had significant and positive correlation with seed and pod weight, biological yield, number of filled pods, 100 seed weight, number of seeds per plant, seed diameter and main branch diameter at 1% level probability and negative correlation with day to 50% flowering and days to 50% podding. Based on factor analysis, four factors were selected that in total 79% of the total variation was explained. The first and second factors were explained high percent of variation that including 100-seed weight, plant height, pod length, pod diameter, seed length, seed diameter, number of filled pods, seed and pod weight, biological yield, grain yield and main branch diameter. Therefore, these two factors used to identify genotypes with high yield and yield components and genotypes 2, 22, 29, 36, 120, 139, 198, 239, 335, 345, 356, 357, 375, 473, 474, 534, 552, 555 and 629 with two control genotypes Jam (998) and Korosh (999) were selected as high yield and component yield genotypes. According to the result of cluster analysis, the genotypes were classified in 5 clusters. The genotypes of third and fourth cluster had high yield and earliness in compare with other clusters and genotype average. According to the result of cluster analysis, we can use third and fourth cluster genotypes and two control genotypes (Jam and Korosh) for producing new genotypes with high yield.

Supplementary irrigation is a key factor in dryland production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). In order to study the effects of supplementary irrigation on phenological and morphological characters of three Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivars، a trial carried out as split block based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Field of Agricultural College، Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Six treatments of supplementary irrigation (irrigation in all of phenological stages; once irrigation in each stage of branching; flowering; podding; seed setting، and also without irrigation in all growing season) as main plot (strip plot)، and three lentil cultivars (Robat; Kalpoosh، and Gachsaran) as sub plot were adjusted. Results showed that one irrigation in flowering، podding، and seed setting stages increased significantly (p≤0. 01) reproductive growth stage relative to irrigation in branching stage. The complete irrigation treatment increased growth stages of plant approximately 12% (based on degree day) relative to without irrigation treatment. The interaction of irrigation×cultivar on the vegetative growth and overall plant growth was significant (p≤ 0. 01). In Robat cultivar، delay in irrigation till seed setting stage compared to complete irrigation، decreased 9. 5% the vegetative growth period (based on degree day)، while irrigation in podding stage on Kalpoosh cultivar compared to without irrigation، increased the number of growing degree day by about 9%. Supplementary irrigation at the flowering stage increased number of branches per plant by 14% compared to the irrigation at the seed setting stage. While، supplementary irrigation during flowering stage increased the branch dry weight about 33% compared to the non-irrigation treatment. Also، the supplementary irrigation at flowering stage compared to without irrigation increased the branch dry weight of Robat، Gachsaran، and Kalpoosh cultivars about 17، 31 and 59%، respectively. The interaction of irrigation×cultivar was significant (p≤ 0. 01) on branch length، and dry weight، also grain yield of lentil. The non-irrigation compared to the completed irrigation، reduced the branch length of Gachsaran، and Kalpoosh cultivars about 30 and 21%، respectively. Supplementary irrigation during the flowering stage in comparison with seed setting stage، also was increased the branch length of Robat، Gachsaran، and Kalpoosh cultivars 18، 23 and 27%، respectively. Positive and significantly correlation were observed between vegetative and reproductive growth duration with stem length (r=0. 26* and r=0. 34**) and reproductive growth with branches length (r=0. 34**)، stem and branches dry weight (r=0. 37** and r=0. 41**) and yield (r=0. 34**)، respectively. Also correlation between yield and stem length (r=0. 32*)، number of branches and branches length (r=0. 44** and r=0. 53**) and stem and branches dry weight (r=0. 42** and r=0. 36**) was positive and significant. Based on above conclusions، one supplementary irrigation in flowering stage was more effective to improving growth characters and lentil yield.

Water scarcity is a major factor for limiting crop growth and development in arid and semi-arid regions. In order to study the effects of varying timing and severity of water deficit on mung bean phenological traits، a field experiment was carried out during 2009 growing season at agricultural research institute of Zabol University. The experiment was laid out in split plot by using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The treatments were comprised of four levels of deficit irrigation (DI) included: 1) irrigation based on depletion of 45% available soil water in all growth period (control)، 2) irrigation based on depletion of 70% available soil water in all growth period، 3) at vegetative growth stage، 4) and at reproductive growth stage as main plot and three mung bean varieties as sub plot consisted of Sistan (local cultivar)، C2 (Gouhar)، C3 (Partow). The results showed that appearance of first flower، numbers of days from sowing to first pod maturity، number of days to maturity، number of day from appearance of first flower to full maturity، yield and yield components were significantly affected by deficit irrigation، varieties and their interaction. The result showed that، Sistan local variety was more resistant against the DI applying in all treatment and produced higher grain yield and yield components.

Rapid germination is an important factor determining the final yield. The most important abiotic stress threatening lentils is drought and temperature. Therefore، this study was performed with the aim of investigating effects various thermal treatments (5، 10، 15، 20، 25 and 30°C) and four levels of drought (0، -4، -8، -12 and -16 bar) on percentage and germination rate of lentil genotypes. A split plot factorial experiment based on Completely Randomized Design with three replications was conducted. Number of germinated seeds was recorded daily and percentage and germination rate was calculated. There was no germination on -8، -12 and -16 bar، hence these levels were ignored. The results showed that temperature، drought stress and their interactions had a significant influence on final germination percentage and rate of lentil genotypes. The percentage and germination rate in genotypes of lentil declined in low and high temperature treatments. The germination percentage and speed of all genotypes also declined in drought stress than favorable conditions. In fact، drought stress causes that physiological and metabolic processes of germination be impressed and reduce in their speed. Overall، mean and optimum temperature range for germination of genotypes، were estimated at 15-20C in both stress and no-stress conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of water deficit irrigation and natural products on vegetative characteristics of three varieties of chickpea، a field experiment was performed as split-split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2011 growing season in Shahrood (Miami). The main plot was drought stress in four levels including normal irrigation (control)، water cessation at flowering، podding and flowering to physiological maturity stages. The sub plot was spraying with natural products in three levels including spraying with distilled water (control)، spraying with humic acid and spraying with seaweed extract and sub-sub plot was three chickpea varieties Hashem، ILC482 and Local (Miami). The results showed that the effect of drought stress on number of the main and lateral branches was significant. Also the effect of variety was significant on number of the main and lateral branches، plant height and width. Drought stress especially from flowering to harvest stages decreased growth of all varieties by reducing branches and canopy diameter. However، natural product spraying especially with seaweed extract reduced detrimental effect of drought stress on plant growth. The variety Local had more natural products use efficiency although variety Hashem was superior in all parameters.

In order to evaluate of physiological traits، related to drought tolerance، an experiment was carried out in controlled condition. The experiment was conducted to assess the effect of drought stress on photosynthesis، chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments in two tolerant genotypes (MCC392 & MCC877) and two susceptible genotypes (MCC68 & MCC448) were grown in drought stress (25% field capacity) and control (field capacity) conditions in the seedling، early flowering and podding stages and so evaluated base on factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications. Drought stress significantly decreased CO2 assimilation rate (A)، transpiration rate (E)، and PSΙΙ photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) in all genotypes. Drought stress increased chl b in all investigated stages. In all investigated stages، water use efficiency (WUE)، A and Fv/Fm were higher in tolerant genotypes than that of susceptible genotypes under drought stress. Our results indicated that water use efficiency، A and Fv/Fm could be useful markers in the studies of tolerance to drought stress and screening of adapted cultivars of chickpea under drought stress.

Salicylic acid (SA) is part of a signaling pathway that is induced by a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. It has been recognized as an endogenous regulatory signal in plants. In order to study the effect of different concentrations of SA on germination، growth and some physiological parameters in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) two genotypes (MCC414، MCC361) under drought stress conditions، two experiments were arranged as a factorial experiment، based on completely randomized design with three replications. In the first part of this study، the effect of drought stress by PEG (0، -4، -8 and -12 bar) and SA (0، 0. 25، 0. 5 and 0. 75 mM) was investigated on two chickpea genotypes (MCC414، MCC361) at germination and seedling growth stages. In the second part of study، the effect of different concentrations of SA (0، 0. 5 and 1 mM) and two levels of drought stress (25% and 100% field capacity) were evaluated on two chickpea genotypes (MCC414، MCC361) in growth and some physiological parameters. Solution of salicylic acid at 0. 5 and 1 mM were sprayed on leaves at interval of 15، 25 and 35 days after sowing. Control plants were sprayed with distilled water. Results showed that SA had significant and negative impact on rate and percentage of germination، but improved coleoptiles length، ratio of radicle to coleoptile length and radical dry weight. In the second experiment، results showed that the drought stress reduced shoot dry weight، root dry weight، leaf area، root length، root area and total chlorophyll، significantly (p≤ 0. 05). It was found that application of salicylic acid enhanced root length and diameter in comparison with control. Results showed that SA (0. 5 mM) increased leaf water potential، significantly. Drought stress decreased leaf water potential in both genotypes، significantly (p≤0. 05). Stomatal resistance was significantly increased under drought stress but SA had no appreciable effect on stomatal resistance. Results suggested that، SA (0. 5 and 1 mM) can considerably alleviate leaf water potential under drought stress. Therefore، it was concluded that application of salicylic acid can protect plants against drought stress. Also MCC361 genotype was more tolerant than MCC414 genotype in drought stress condition.

Aimed at reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizers on crop production and according to important role of micro-nutrients such as iron، on increase performance of these products، Nanocomposites effect of iron on yield and yield components of wax bean genotypes inoculated with Rhizobium bacteria during experimental factorial randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted on 2011 in the Siahkal city. Factors examined include iron nano-composite (non-spraying and spraying)، bacteria nitrogen stabilizer (inoculated and non-inoculated) and four genotypes wax bean (Sadri، Talash، Khomein and local Gilan)، respectively. Analysis of variance for grain yield showed significant differences among genotypes. Comparing the results showed that the interaction of three factors، figure with bacteria and nano-composite، figure Khomein inoculated with bacteria and sprayed with 5. 75 tons per hectare grain yield is the maximum amount to be allocated. Khomein genotype spraying of iron nanocomposite with 5. 73 showed the highest number of seeds per pod. In the interaction genotypes and inoculation of bacteria، Khomein genotype with bacterial inoculation with 5. 8 showed the highest number of seeds per pod. Also in the genotypes interaction with bacteria inoculation and spray with nanocomposites، Khomein genotype inoculation with bacteria and spraying nanocomposite produced the highest seed in pods with 5. 87 was. According to the results mentioned the region experiments، sprayed nanocomposite iron and inoculation with Rhizobium bacteria is increased seeds per pod and seed yield.

In order to evaluate of pea، bean، lentil، wheat، rape and barley sensitivity to foramsulforun، rimsulforun and nicosulforun herbicides soil residue، a pot experiment was conducted at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Experimental type was completely randomized design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Treatments included herbicides (rimsulforun، foramsulforun and nicosulforun)، herbicide simulated concentration residue in soil (0، 0. 1، 0. 2، 0. 4، 0. 9 and 1. 3 µg kg-1 soil for rimsulforun; 0، 10، 20، 40، 80 and 120 µg kg-1 soil for foramsulforun and 0، 9، 18، 36، 72 and 108 µg kg-1 soil for nicosulforun، that are 0، 2. 5، 5، 10، 20 and 30 % recommended dose for each herbicides، respectively) and crops (pea، bean، lentil، wheat، rape and barley). For analysis of results plants survival percentage، shoot and root biomass measured 30 days after emergence. Results showed that crop survival percentage، shoot and root biomass affected with foramsulforun، rimsulforun and nicosulforun soil residual، significantly. Increasing foramsulforun and nicosulforun soil residue decreased mentioned parameters in all crops، significantly. Increasing rimsulforun soil residue decreased mentioned parameters، significantly just in rape. Based on ED50 parameter، bean (99. 05 and 34. 65 µg kg-1 soil in foramsulforun and nicosulforun، respectively) and barley (0. 07 and 0. 003 µg kg-1 soil in foramsulforun and nicosulforun، respectively) appeared to be the most tolerant and susceptible crops to foramsulforun and nicosulforun soil residual. Based on ED50 parameter، barley (216. 02 µg kg-1 soil) and rape (2. 29 µg kg-1 soil) appeared to be the most tolerant and susceptible crops to rimsulforun soil residual، respectively.