نشریه به زراعی نهال و بذر
سال سی‌ام شماره 2 (1393)

To determine the effect of macro- and micro- nutrients applicaton on quantity and quality related traits of two wheat cultivars (Parsi and Marvdasht)، a split plot arragement experiment in randomaized complete block design with three replications was carried out at Karaj SPII، experimental field during two cropping seasons 2010-2012. The main plots were nutrition management including no application of fertilizer (control)، macro-nutrient and macro + micro-nutrient. Two bread wheat cultivars were randomized in sub-plots. Grain yield، 1000 grain weight، protein content، wet gluten (%)، gluten index، Zeleny sedimentation volume، SDS- sedimentation height، falling number and bread volume were measured. Combined analysis of variance showed that nutrition management effect on the grain yield، grain protein contant (%)، SDS، Zeleny، wet gluten (%)، gluten index، hardness index and bread volume was significant. Results showed that cultivar effect on 1000 grain weight، wet gluten (%)، gluten index، bread volume and falling number was significant. Parsi had the highest grain yield and grain quality related traits (except gluten index).

To study the effects of sowing date and heat stress on seed yield of soybean genotypes، a field experiment was conducted in 2005-06 at Safiabad Agricultural Research Center Dezful، Iran. The experiment design was strip block arrangment in complete randomized block Design with three replications. Vertical plots consisted of four levels of planting date (8 June، 22 June، 6 July and 20 July) and horizental plots were twelve soybean genotypes (L14، Sahar، 504، L17، LD8149، Williams، Safiabadi، Katoul، Williams × TN4. 94، 5WCNE، BP and TN5. 95 × Hack). Mean comparison of sowing date showed that the highest (3243 kgha-1) and the lowest (2452 kgha-1) seed yield were achieved in 20 July and 8 June، respectively. The highest (3171 kgha-1) and the lowest (2206 kgha-1) seed yield were obtained from Safiabadi and Williams genotypes، respectively. The threshold of temperature stress was calculated for each genotype and the average of 39. 7°C determined as threshold of temperature stress. Based on the results of the present study، sowing of soybean in late July can be recommended for North Khouzestan areas.

This study was carried out in two independent experiments with the main purpose of investigation of quantity and quality related traits of some apricot genotypes as well as evaluating their dried fruits at Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in 2010-2011. In the first experiment، quantity and quality related characteristics of 9 apricot genotypes (Shoghan-1، Shoghan-2، Shoghan-3، Shoghan-4، Shams، Bagheri، Gheisi-2، Dirres Yadak-3 and Vittilo) in randomized complete block design with three replications was studied. In the second experiment، the effect of pre-treatment (Sodium metabisulphide 0. 5% for 5 minutes، Sodium metabisulphide 0. 5% + Ethyl oleate 2% for 5 minutes and control) and drying methods (sun drying and industrial drying) on sensory properties of dried apricot were investigated. Factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three replications was used. Results showed that morphological characteristics of selected genotypes were different. Begining of flowering in Shoghan-2 as compared with other genotypes delayed for 10 days. Harvesting time was different، so that “Shams” (second decade of June) and “Bagheri” (second decade of July) were earliest and latest ripening genotypes، respectively. There were significant differences in quantity and quality characteristics (fruit weight، stone weight، firmness، fruit length، fruit width، total soluble solids، pH، titrable acidity) evaluation of sensory properties (flavor، odor، color، texture and total acceptance) in dried fruits showed that dried fruits of “Bagheri” and “Vittilo” had the most and the least panelist scores for total acceptance، respectively. Dried fruits pre-treated by sodium metabisulphide 0. 5% + Ethyl oleate 2% for 5 minutes in comparison with other treatments had the highest score. Results also showed that “Bagheri” pre-treated by sodium metabisulphide 0. 5% + Ethyl Oleate 2% and dried with industrial method gained the highest score for total acceptance.

This experiment was carried out as split split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatment included Nitrogen application time (whole fertilization of N in fall، and its split fertilization as 2/3 in fall and 1/3 in spring)، Nitrogen rates (0، 30، 60 and 90 kg N ha-1) and seven bread wheat genotypes. Plant traits related to drought and nitrogen stresses were measured. Results showed that stress susceptibility index (SSI) was suitable for evaluation of relation between drought stress and N managements. According to this index، 30، 60 and 90 kgha-1 N application decreased drought stress intensity by 55، 88 and 64% compared to control، respectively. These findings were equal to an increase of 810، 1362 and 942 kgha-1 grain yield، respectively. SSI was lowest in economical optimum N rate. However، in both low and high range of N application rates drought stress effect increased compared to N economical optimum rate (ND = 0). This increase 4. 5 times higher for low nitrogen application (ND <0) in comparison with high rates (ND >0)، i. e. for every application of 10 kg N. ha-1 under economical optimum rate، SSI increased by 0. 15 and grain yield of rainfed wheat decreased by 171 kgha-1. Moreover، our results showed that for obtaining higher grain yield (over 2500 kgha-1)، at least 60 kg N ha-1 was required، whereas this amount should not be more than 30 kgNha-1 for low grain yields (less than 1900 kgha-1). Results of this study showed that split application of N for ND <0 and its fall application for ND >0 may be recommended; however، it seems that application time is not important where ND = 0. Mean productivity (MP) index identified Rasad، Cereal4، Azar2 and Ohadi and SSI identified Cereal2، Cereal4 and Rasad as the most tolerant bread wheat genotypes. However، Cereal2، Cereal4 and Rasad were more suitable for reduction of the effect of drought stress. Finally there was an interaction between N application and drought stress. Therefore، it can be concluded that the reduction of drought stress effect may be achieved through optimezed N application management for some rainfed wheat genotypes.

To evaluate the effect of water deficit stress on growth، yield and relationship between growth indices in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes، two field studies were performed as split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with four replications in 2009 and 2010 in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute، Karaj، Iran. Eight genotype (WA4502-1، WA4531-17، D81083، AND1007، Akhtar، COS16، MCD4011، and KS21486) were studied under two irrigation regimes; normal and water deficit conditions. Results showed that water shortage caused significant decrease in LAI in all genotypes. In stress condition، until early pod filling duration (PFD)، AND1007 had higher LAI than other genotypes، however by the end of this stage WA4502-1 was superior. AND1007 genotype had higher CGR than others. Water deficit caused 50% reduction in seed yield. Seed yield loss (%) by drought in AND1007 and D81083 genotypes was the highest and the lowest، respectively. Physiological responses of evaluated genotypes varied in terms of drought tolerance or sensitivity. In this study، drought intensity index (DII) was 0. 50. AND1007، COS16 and MCD4011 genotypes were more tolerant based on DTI، DSI، MP and GMP. Generally، white bean genotypes were more drought sensitive than the red and chitti genotypes.

To determine the suitable row spacing and seeding rate for fall safflower cv. Padideh، an experiment was carried out in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of East Azarbaijan، Tabriz، Iran (46º and 2″ E، 37º and 58″ N) in 2010-11 and 2012-13 cropping seasons. A factorial arrangement including three row spacing levels (24، 36 and 48 cm) and four seeding rates (15، 20، 25 and 30 Kgh-1) in randomized complete block design with three replications، was used. Results showed that leaf per plant، crown diameter and dry weight per plant were lower in 24 cm row spacing. It led to yield decrease through decreasing plant per m2 by cold stress. Plant per m2 was the most important factor in determining seed and oil yields. It is concluded that increasing rows spacing in the rang of 24 to 36 cm in fall sown safflower and increasing seeding rate in the rang of 25 to 30 Kgha-1 could increase seed and oil yields in Tabriz region. This was achieved in 79-103 Plant per m2.

Nitrogen is one of the most important and essential lelments for plant growth and development and it has an important role on quantitative and qualitative yield production in agriculture. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of foliar application of nitrogen on qualitative traits of tomato fruits using a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications under hydroponic culture system. Nitrigen was applied as foliar sprays in different concentrations of ammonium sulfate 0، 50، 100 and 200 mM once per week، as well as 50 mM every other day. Based on the results، qualitive traits were affected by the treatments (P≤ 0. 05). Foliar application of ammonium led to reduction in number of fruits، yield and vitamin C، but increased fruit juice pH، blossom end rot، and tiratable acidity. The results also showed that ammonium treatments increased diameter and length of fruits compared to the control plants، while hardness of fruit was not affected by treatments.