مجله مهندسی آبیاری و آب ایران
پیاپی 17 (پاییز 1393)

Wheat is the world's most important strategic products that are of particular importance in the diet. Wheat in rain fed agriculture is of main pillars so that these parameters can be fed as the only source of water. This study on 6 synoptic Station the provinces of North, Razavi and South Khorasan. In this study are used of 25 years of 6 synoptic stations meteorological data of Khorasan and wheat yield the years 1362 to 1387. First, Evaluation of rainfall data during wheat the growth period and water requirement satisfaction index (WRSI) in the area of precipitation and Evaluation evapotranspiration product. The results of the long-term average of Birjand station 44.72 percentage, that the lowest among the studied stations on the appropriate region of wheat planting is not dryland has been accompanied by high risk. The stations studied the long-term average of Mashhad and Ghochan 92.87 and 92.27% of the highest value of this index are based on these regions are highly suitable for dryland wheat and low risk are important for dryland cultivation of wheat.

Water stress is one of the inhibitors in crops and drug crops seed germination and seedling growth. There are different ways to minimize the harmful effects of water stress tensions. Seed priming is one of the popular and efficient techniques for increasing germination efficiency. The most important kind of priming is osmo priming (imbibing seeds in osmotic solutions with different osmotic pressure or potential); and hormo priming (to effect hormone compounds on seeds). This research was conducted to investigate the effects of salicylic acid (Aspirin), K CL, and Na Cl on some morphological aspects, yield, and yield components of fennel (Foenicilum vulgar Mill) in water stress condition in laboratory and on research farm, College of Agriculture, University of Shahid Bahonar, Kerman, Iran in 1390 crop year. In lab; an experiment, as randomized complete block (Factorial design) with 3 replications was conducted. Fennel seeds treated with salicylic acid in 4 levels (0, O.1, 0.5, 1 m. molar concentration); K CL in 4 levels (0,-1, -1.5, -2 M pascal osmotic potential); Na CL in 4 levels (0, -1, -1.5, -2 M Pascal osmotic potential) For 24 hours in 20◦C temperature. In salicylic acid treatments, the third level (0/5 m molar) had highest mean germination speed and seedling shoots and root length. In K CL treatments the second level (-1 Mp) had highest germination speed and seedling shoot and root length. In Na CL treatment -1.5 Mp treatment showed highest seedling shoot and root growth. In the farm experiment; the best priming treatments that were obtained in lab; were used and a randomized complete block in split plot design with 4 replications was conducted. Irrigation in 2 levels (no water stress, water stress) was as main plots; and different priming treatments in 4 levels (distilled water as control, Na CL with- 1Mp osmotic potential, K CL with -1.5 Mp osmotic potential, salicylic acid in 0.5 m. molar concentration) were used as subplots. The results showed that water stress and priming treatments, had significant effects on seed yield, biological yield, umbels number/pl, and umbellates number/ umbel in fennel; But plant height and harvest index were not significant. 1000 seed weight was affected by interaction effect of water stress × priming. Water stress increased water extract percent, but decreased total yield water extract.

Drought is a natural phenomenon that periodically, every region and every climate, occurs in different sectors of human life can be affected by many negative effects. So far, the drought has many definitions. The lack of a comprehensive definition of drought and the different means, from a different perspective, the drought has hampered. For this purpose the quantitative expression of drought This phenomenon is used. This research proposes four characteristics of drought intensity, duration, and extent of occurrence of drought has been studied. To determine the extent of drought and its effects on different parts of the study area, indicators PNPI, MPNPI, DI and RAI in different parts of the draft Zoning calculated using ARC GIS software have been conducted. To achieve this goal, the statistics for 32 meteorological stations and synoptic polls that are doing good distribution in the region, 30-year period (from 1981 to 2010) were collected. Spatial distribution of drought indices using ground ordinary kriging (OK) and the spherical model, exponential, linear and Gaussian and inverse distance method (IDW) Batvan 1 to 5 were calculated, and the area classified drought done were. Then the method ground by using various criteria to evaluate and compare the RMSE and MAE. The results show that the ordinary kriging (OK) Gaussian model is more appropriate than the inverse distance method (IDW) and has a higher accuracy. It is recommended that this method be used for mapping regional drought.

According to Limited water resources in the country, Management of water resources as a strategy, it is essential for the crisis. For correct and scientific management of water resources that are needed A better understanding and knowledge of the complex collection of interactions associated with water in a water balance catchment. Evapotranspiration is one of the most important components of the water balance that it is difficult to measure the actual rate And have limited methods. In this study tried to achieve accurate estimates of actual evapotranspiration in catchment-year scale by using remote sensing method (SEBAL). To accomplish this, firstly using meteorological data and the SPI Index Years 84-83, 85-84 and 87-86 Were determined As the wet, normal and dry years Respectively. Then it was calculated actual evapotranspiration for Neishabour plain in catchment-year scale by using MODIS satellite images and SEBAL method. The results were compared with the results of the SWAT model that is showed good accuracy. Due to the purpose of this study is to provide an accurate, simple and inexpensive estimate for actual evapotranspiration in catchment-year scale, from the calibration relationship, Young's equation for the entire basin with RMSE= 28.3 mm and R2 = 0.90 and abcd equation for the plain with RMSE= 16.24 mm and R2 = 0.90, and Young's equation for the mountain with RMSE= 19.37 mm and R2 = 0.90 estimate The best response. Of course The results of Zhang’s and Fu’s equations were similar to Young's equation and there are a few differences

Already various studies have been done on the mechanism of scour around hydraulic structure especially bridges. In the field of scour around bridges, researches are more focus on scour of piers in compare with abutment. Also, in the two past decades, submerged vanes have been used to stabilization of bed, protection of Beach Rivers and reduction of scour beach in the bend of rivers and also for prevention of the sediment entry to intake structure and for improvement of the river section near the bridge piers. But so far no study has been done on reduction of scour around bridge abutment by submerged vanes. Therefore in this study, the performance of submerged vane attached to the rectangular abutment was investigated. The results showed that the setup angle had a significant impact on the performance of submerged vanes. Following this research, three-dimensional components of velocity were determined with electromagnetic velocimeter around abutment with attached submerged vane and used for drawing flow pattern and according to it, reasons of effective role of vane was investigated on reductions of bridge abutment scour. Investigation of flow pattern around bridge abutment in case of using submerged vane showed, this structure had the effective role on reduction of scour by creating a low velocity zone around bridge abutment and control of primary vortexes.

The construction of underground dams is one of the effective solutions for the providing of water for different consumptions in minor ratio. These constructions are used for preventing the crisis and scarcity of water in tropical and semi tropical zones. These dams can improve the condition of environment and aquifers. In this research the necessary factors for selecting an appropriate place for making underground dam in Miyanrud River in Ravar city of Kerman province are investigated. For this purpose the desk studies and field investigation are performed. After the elementary studies on site, geoelectric studies are performed for recognizing of depth condition of ground such as thickness and sediment of source of dam. By manual digging and geotechnical investigations the depth surface of water and amount of under surface current water are measured. With the geophysical exploration and geotechnical investigations in axis and reservoir of underground dam, Underpass flow measurement at the section of the river, Groundwater Quality Assessment and also the routing of Salinity of Subsurface flow, the proposed site of underground dams was investigated at the distance between Ravar city to margin of desert. Results showed that the selected site has relatively suitable condition to construct an underground dam.

Aeration is one of the methods to reduce the cavitation damaged in spillways. The Aerators are designed in order adding air to flow. In this study, to estimate the required aerators air demand, three neural network (based on Levenberg- Marquardt algorithm), ANFIS and the Fisher's experimental method was used. The parameters flow depth at the aeration system, flow discharge, Step height, Ramp angle and The pressure difference between atmospheric pressure and pressure under the flow jet in order to modeling was used. The Modeling results show that ANFIS method has better performance than the other two methods. In neural networks and ANFIS methods the pressure difference has the greatest impact on modeling. If this parameter is omitted in the modeling, root mean square error for ANN 37.54 and ANFIS 224.74 percent increases. In ANN and ANFIS methods Step height has the Minimum impact on modeling. If Step height parameter omitted in the modeling, root mean square error for ANN 5.39 and ANFIS 13.4 percent increases.

Increasing in human requirements has led to increase groundwater pumping and consequently decrease groundwater-table and discharge aquifers, that nowadays its results including an increase in water exploration costs, subsiding the soil and decreased water quality have became an worldwide problem. in the direction of confronting with water quality crisis, in this study appropriate regions for drinking water pumping in the aquifer of Zaveh plain, located in Khorasan Razavi Province, were determined. To reach this purpose, according to Schuler classification, parameters including pH, So4, TH, TDS, Mg, Ca and Cl were classified using GIS. Then the best places for drinking water extraction in the plain were determined using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in combination with Fussy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP). The results of both process were similar and close. Supplied model was compared with drinking water wells in the aquifer. The results showed that about 25% of northern and central area in the aquifer has the highest groundwater quality. Moving towards western areas in the aquifer, the quality of groundwater decreased so that about 15% of western areas are included in low quality conditions.

Evaporation losses from water free surface is one of the important parameter in water resources management. In this study M5 tree model as a one of the data mining approaches has been used to estimate evaporation from Elaviyan reservoir water free surface in Maragheh. The results showed that M5 tree model has ability to present linear equations for modeling evaporation losses from free surface water with the highest correlation coefficient (0.851) along with lowest root mean square error (1.587 mm). Relations offered by M5 tree method The combination of climate parameters that are available in most empirical relationship has been developed, As model input have been created in scenarios. Also evaporation losses from free surface water estimated by using empirical equations. The results showed that the Meyer empirical equation with the high correlation coefficient (0.820) along with lowest root mean square error (1.962 mm) compared to other empirical methods could be estimate evaporation from free surface water with high accuracy. Comparison of empirical and M5 tree model results showed that both methods but have minimum difference between correlation coefficient also M5 tree model with lowest root mean square error could be present simple, understandable and applicable liner equations to estimate evaporation from Elaviyan reservoir free surface water in Maragheh.

Because of nonlinear dependence between the random variables, probability distributions of multivariate random variables are generally more complex compared to their univariate counterparts. One approach to solve this problem is the use of copulas, which have more considered by researchers over recent years. In this study, the dependence of rainfall and temperature in Tabriz station was modeled using copulas. In this regard, monthly data of rainfall and temperature of Tabriz for a period of 1971-2008 was used. At the first step, by application of Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, exponential and generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions are selected as appropriate univariate distributions for rainfall and temperature, respectively. Then three type of copulas functions namely, Clayton, Gumbel and Frank are used for creating bivariate distribution of rainfall and temperature in Tabriz. The results indicated that the performances of all types of copulas are close together. However, an only Frank copula has capability to modeling the negative dependence between variables. Therefore, Frank function is selected as appropriate copulas for modeling dependence between rainfall and temperature in Tabriz station.