مجله اقتصاد منابع طبیعی
پیاپی 3 (زمستان 1392)

Shortage of fresh water and agricultural water needs is an important human issue in the future and the Iran due to its geographical location would be faced with water shortages. Each of water resources use methods have special characteristic and its evaluation has effective role in optimum water harvesting. Social and economic evaluation of rain water harvesting systems and suitable management would result to reduce water shortage in arid areas. So water harvesting Surface in arid areas would be suitable and optimum method in water supply. In this research, in Aq Emam in Golestan province with 8730 ha areas. First using stockholder’s interview, some rain water harvesting systems suggested. In economic evaluation costs and benefits of rain water harvesting systems were calculated, and the sub watershed prioritization according to benefit-cost (B / C). The results showed that the all systems with low cost of establishment would be done. Generally speaking, the amount of rainfall, land use, topography, physiography and water use method and also social and economic conditions, would be effective spatial evaluation of Runoff harvesting and also in determination of adaptable systems that this could to optimum water resources management in the watershed.

In this study, the shadow prices and the price path of natural gas has been estimated based on competitive and price leadership solutions. In this regard, group of gas exporting countries forming the "Gas Exporting Countries Forum" as a institute pricing and other producers have been considered as a fringe group. For this purpose, annual data 1980-2010 is used and also considered a sixty year’s period for gas reserves life. With draw two price paths for both price leadership and competitive situations, was observed in the forty-five first year period the prices in case of price leadership are more than competitive prices, and from 46’s period up to final period competitive prices are more than price leadership. The results indicated that in first 28 year, price growth in competitive solution is less than leadership solution; and from the year onwards, the slope of the competitive prices is more than slope of leadership solution prices. In result, Prices of the two solutions become equal in Forty-fifth year and after that the prices of competitive solution goes beyond the leadership price.

Like any other natural resources, utilization of hydro resources in electricity generation leads to reduce costs and create economic rents. In our country the share of hydroelectric plants from total electricity production compared to other productive resources is around 14%. In this study, calculate the economic rent of hydropower plant with the determination least-cost power generation capacity expansion planning with and without the hydropower plant. The model it also computation the economic rent of plant, optimal combination of power plant in future must be built and optimal utilization from they and existing plants to meet future is determined. The propose model for power plan of changes in economic rents were some of the key variables. The results show that there are substantial economic rent is the electricity generated by hydropower plants. Also the results show that Perspective Development of power industry is to side Gas and hydro power plants. And all of the hydroelectric plants due to lower operating costs compared to gas and steam power plant is actually used in base load and Gas and steam power plant due to higher operating costs practically middle and peak load operation has been. Also the sensitivity analysis shows the economic rent generated electricity from hydropower sources would be sensitive to changes in discount rate, load growth, fuel prices and availability of hydropower plan.

Rangelands are main components of environment and play an important role in providing forage for livestock, water cycle control in nature, soil and human's life balance conservation. The purpose of this study is economic evaluation implemented projects and examination sustainable development condition in the city Freydan. In this study, the data from all granted projects has been prepared through a questionnaire and evaluated economic condition. This assessment is based on the methods of Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR). The results demonstrate that the performances of most of these projects were justified economically. But the result of the measurement of sustainable development in the area, indicating that in spite of the improvements activities taken, has continued degradation of rangelands. In conjunction with continuing improvements activities recommend to require to the activities such as balancing between the extent of rangelands and livestock number to prevent unauthorized remove and and cut of shrubs, constant monitoring of the rangelands.

This study estimated the non-market value of Gnu Warm Water in the Hormozgan Province. Calculate the value of individual's willingness to pay for warm water and protection area, was investigated and the CVM method was used. Required data from questionnaires completed by 245 people visited the study area were collected in 1390.. The average willingness to pay for every visitor 656 888 rials and per household willingness to pay also 6/4020154 Rials, respectively. With Iran developing country with low income to moderate, the results show that people pay to use warm water Gnu satisfaction, and to the convention that the 90/6% of the respondents (222) for the protection and continued survival in this study were willing to pay. The results showed that the highest value to farmers of other respondents for a warm water. Then people using warm water to treat diseases has been willing to pay higher. This study found the results encouraging in terms of management. That showed that local people are aware of the importance of warm water.