فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 21 (تابستان 1393)

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the political life`s Saad Zaghloul, the leader of Egypt's 1919 Revolution and the role of this militant nationalist in the nationalist movement in the country. The study of the political activity of Zaghloul that began with the Urrabi Revolution and ended 9 years before the full independence of Egypt, breviews the nationalist struggle in Egypt in this period. The Goal of this movement was to cut off the presence of the British in Egypt. It is impossible to study this period and research the political actions of Saad Zaghloul without understanding the historical context that Saad lived in. So colonial status at the international level and its impact on Egyptian nationalism should be examined. This search provides opportunities for studying the colonial history in this period.

Medina, the first capital of Islam, is one of the most well-known cities of the Muslim World. The settlement geography of Medina depends on various historical factors including both economic and political. The common understanding of Medina is that it was a city by the name of Yathrib, which was changed by the Prophet(s) to Medina, and that it survived during centuries and developed continuously till the contemporary periods, like other cities. On the one hand, nowadays, some of the preceding settlements of this region remain unpopulated, and from the other hand some structures have been built in some areas which were not residential before that. This paper tries to answer this question of fundamental transformation has confronted the settlement geography of this region during the following eras: the ancient Yathrib, before Islam, the beginning of Islam, Middle Ages, modern, and contemporary periods.

Kura or khura –in Pahlavi- is a term which the Arabs borrowed from the Iranians. The function of Kura- as a macro unit which embodies other units - spread rapidly in the administrative divisions of the Islamic period; So that it was used not only inthe Eastern lands but also in Egypt, North Africa and Andalusia. Kura in terms of form and meaning had the same function in Islamic lands over the centuries, but in some periods Geographer’s specially Iranian ones, employed this term with other meanings or instead of other equivalents. This study attempts to present the changes of the concepts and meanings of this term, and also to determine the place of Kura in the Administrative system until the seventh century A.H.

In historical studies & researches, there are terms and concepts that have often been used in historical, geographical, political, legal and literature. Most of the terms and concepts have suitable meanings, but some, in spite of their frequent usage and historical importance, are not clearly known. One of these tearms is “beyzeye Islam” (the principle of Islam) that haa a noticeable usage in historical, legal and political texts. In this research, we have tried to clarify the historical evolution and primary origin of the political - legal basis of these concepts based on etymology and the use of ancient Iranian historical sources, legal books of notable shiit jurists, prose and poetry texts, and primary sources of Iranian contemporary history, presenting new point of view.

Abd al-Rahman Jabarti (1168-1240/1756-1825) described the very delicate and important period of pre-modern Islamic history in his book “Aja’ib al-Athar fi’l al-Tarajim wa’l-Akhbar”. The very First colonial activities of Europeans, the appearance of independence tendencies in Egypt, against the Ottomans and the advent of Wahabism in Hijaz, are the main issues which have been critically analyzed and documented by Jabarti. Unfortunately, there is no detailed and relible study on this issue in Persian. Thus, in this article, we introduce and analyze the specific opinions of Jabarti in the context of the historiography of Egypt. Also, our purpose in the second part of article, which deals with the Wahabi history, is to irradiate a new concept on history of First Saudi State with careful analyzis of the documents of Ottoman Archive in Turkey.

During the 19th century European developments changed conventionalities in all of society. These developments influenced the economiy of Iran and based on the mentioned situation it changed from endogenous to exogenous. During half a century, in the new condition, it became close to classical colonialism and became one of the important producers of crude materials in the world market. Opium as a crude material in traditional economy of Iran was regarded as a non-commercial good and consumed correspondingly in its economical character at the family and local level. The second half of the nineteen century Iran’s economy changed to dependent economy and opium became as commercial merchandise.The results of this research show that from the 1860s opium became one of Iran's exports with a huge impact on Iran's foreign trade. This raw material as a trend swinger year (1880/1297 AH. G.) which was Iran's opium production peak.Opium exports in the eighties was fixed and slightly sloping downward.Iran's opium exports in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, had a steep fall and lost its strategic position and was replaced by carpets. China was the largest importer of opium from Iran, Britain, was in the second place, followedly Egypt, Ottoman Empire, Itali and some Arab and other European countries.

The rise and spread of Islam in the early Higri centuries were among the great events in Iranian history. Investigating the way people’s lifestyle, especially the culture of purification, was Islamized is the research objective of the present study. This article seeks by understanding of the semantic system of purification to first investigate the cultural patterns of individual hygiene of Iranians in pre-Islamic era, developing and introducing a theoretical frameworks in the form of Islamic semantic system’s concepts (i.e. impure and pure), and then representing Iranians’ interaction model to finally conceptualize the production process of semantic system of “purification”.Investigating the islamization process of the cultural pattern of “purification” with emphasis on the cultural history approach directed the research towards the employment of interpretive view and meaning analysis of “Clifford Geertz”; and then, by looking at religion as a semantic system and culture, and applying the process approach, cultural development of the early centuries of post-Islamic Iran is investigated and recreated in the context of symbolic concepts of culture, including purification.With the arrival of Islam, the concepts of “purity” and “impurity” were redefined, in which the concepts and applications of impure and pure were occasionally changed, developed, and limited. Actions and behavior of the Iranian people towards the new concepts and teachings – which undoubtedly were influenced by previous convergence, compatibility, and background of Iran – created a new culture and semantic system, which as Iranian-Islamic culture, are the subject of the present article.

Rowdatu’t- taslim, Paradise of Submissiom or Tassaworat is one of a few surviving books of the Alamut Period. The book contains Nazaris beliefs, especially the doctrine of the resurrection, and is published two times by different publishers. Both editions have attributed it to Khajeh Nasir al-Din Tusi. While few researchers have generally objected this attribution, the majority have accepted it, and just for exoneration of Khajeh, pointed to the needs of time. Now with an older version of this book at hand and the publication of the second to have written in support of the Ismaili Creed, this attribution can be certainly rejected. This paper tries to correct this attribution, by internal and external criticism of the narrator and narrative.

Parvin E’tesami (1907-1941) should be viewed as one of the poets of the transitional period of the Iranian history from the Constitutional Revolution to modern era. Although she spent twenty years of her life in Reza Shah’s modernization time, but the deep effects of the Constitutional movement’s ideals on her poems can be recognized; ideals like freedom and equality which were embodied in people’s demands for the establishment of the court of justice, the rule of law, limiting the unlimited power of the rulers, and making them responsible to citizens. Among such demands, women’s demand for changing their social roles and status should not be ignored. As it will be seen, in many places in E’tesami’s poems, the idea of necessary changes in women’s social status is recognizable. The thoughts of her father, Mirza Yousef E’tesam al-Molk, had great influents on the formation of Parvin’s views, including her views on women’s rights. These as pects are discussed in the present paper.

Two years after the events of Ashura, a rebellion arose in Medina which led to the confrontation of the army of Yazid with the people of Medinians. The event became known Harreh because it happened in a place in the east of Medina called Harreh. This incident inflicted destruction; looting, terrifying massacre, unprecedented outrage and immoral behavior on the people of Medina, which couldn’t be easily justified. People of Sham continued their violent behavior even after defeating the people of Medina. The following questions are the main purpose of this research: what reasons did actually cause this occurrence? Why people of Sham committed such brutalities against the people of Medina, which couldn’t be justified according to religious, moral and human criteria or the Arabic tradition? This study tries to find an answer for the reason behind the behavior of the people of Sham without intending to approve it. Furthermore the research tries to find an answer and the logic for the wrong – doings committed by the people of sham. The main hypothesis of this research is that the اhuge gap between available resources and the expectations of the people of Medina provoked the rebellius and according to the people of Shamis point of view, this rebellion which was an old Arab rivalrly had to be strongly suppressed.