فصلنامه طب توانبخشی
سال سوم شماره 4 (زمستان 1393)

Inhibitory control which is defined as the ability to control the improper responses or behaviors is one of the main components of executive function. Its deficiency in people who have Attention deficit and hyperactive disorder has been shown. The purpose of this study was to improve inhibitory control through transcranial direct current stiFmulation (TDCS) in people with attention deficit and hyperactive disorder syndrome. In this study، 20 technical school students were selected through Wender Utah Rating Scale and CAARS questionnaires which measure attention deficit and hyperactive disorder syndrome in childhood and adulthood as well as SCL-25 questionnaire which measures general psychological health. All the subjects were tested by Stroop and Go-no-Go tests which measure inhibitory control، under anodal stimulation، and sham conditions. The findings show that anodal stimulation on right Inferio Frontal Gyrus increases the accuracy of inhibition in prepotent stimulus inhibition stage significantly. TDCS on right Inferio Frontal Gyrus of the people with attention deficit and hyperactive disorder syndrome can improve the inhibitory control in prepotent stimulus inhibition.

Some methods are proposed in the literature to decrease disability glare. In this study the effect of CR-39, antireflective and photochromic antireflective lenses on disability glare was measured in simple myopic, simple astigmatism and compound myopic astigmatic participants. The aim of the study was to find a lens which decreases the disability glare more than others. The quasi experimental repeated measure study was designed to compare the effect of the CR-39, antireflective and photochromic antireflective lenses on disability glare. This study was performed on 34 participants. Disability glare was measured with car head light effect on contrast sensitivity under photopic and mesopic condition. There was no statistical difference in contrast sensitivity between the lenses except for 18 Cycle/Degree frequencies under mesopic condition in which CR-39 lens show better result than other lenses. This study showed that CR-39 lenses, anti -reflective and photochromic anti-reflective lenses have identical effect on disability glare in suprathereshold condition, and there is not any reason to prescribe anti-reflective and photochromic lens to decrease disability glare.

The association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and epilepsy has been the focus of numerous studies published recently.Population studies suggest that 12–17% of children with epilepsy meet the criteria for ADHD compared to 3% to 7% of the general pediatric population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ADHD symptoms in Iranian epileptic children. One hundred Epileptic Children who were referred to a governmental or private neurological clinic in Tehran and 100 healthy children matched for age and sex participated in this study.Clinical evaluation of children were done by a psychiatrist. We excluded children with mental retardation, cerebral pulsy, other medical and neurological disorders, pervasive developmental disorder and children who were using antiepileptic and other drugs that associated with ADHD like side effect. After signing the informed consent, parents of epileptic children completed Persian version of CSI 4 Test for evaluation of ADHD symptoms in children. The data were transferred to the designed sheets and analyzed by SPSS 19 software. Mean age of participants was 7. 47 (SD=0.94) in epileptic patients and 6.39 (SD=2.41) in normal children. There was a significant difference between the two groups in inattention (p = 0.0001) and hyperactivity-impulsivity (p = 0.024 (scales. The present study showed that inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms were common in Iranian epileptic children.

Grip is the main function of the hand. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of forearm kinesiotaping on maximum power grip and endurance among female students. In this study a hand dynamometer and a chronometer were used to evaluate pre and post maximum power grip and endurance in three groups after 24 hours of forearm kinesiotaping. Forty five healthy female students were investigated in three groups: “1-without taping (control group), 2- with upY taping, and 3- down Y taping”. Following the taping a significant increase was found for maximum power grip in group three (61.40±10.25 N, P<0.002). Meanwhile no significant differences were seen for power grip in groups one and two (60.40±8.36 N, P<0.069 and 58.93±12.53 N, P<0.551). Regarding grip endurance, there was no difference was seen in group one (52.36±14.92 Sec, P<0.391. However, in groups two and three a significant increase was seen for grip endurance (58.46±22.62 Sec, P<0.019 and 64.00±28.86 Sec, P<0.002). Post hoc analysis showed no significant differences among groups. The findings of the present study showed that after 24 hours of forearm taping, maximum power and endurance grip increased in healthy females.

Reduced augmented feedback leads to motor learning. However, it is unknown whether these findings can be applied in stroke patients who may have impaired internal feedback mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to determine if stroke-related brain damage affects the use of extrinsic feedback and if these patients benefit from practice with reduced frequency of knowledge of results. Participants were sixteen patients aged 45-65 years (mean: 57.56 ± 6.47 years) with middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke (under 6monthes). They were randomly assigned in two groups of 8. Group one received 100% knowledge of results (KR) and group two received 25% KR about their actual force. During 6 blocks of acquisition (48 trials), participants practiced a grip force production task with upper limb ipsilateral to the lesion. Then performed retention test on the next day without receiving KR. Accuracy and consistency were assessed over acquisition and retention and compared between groups. A significant decrease in VE was found in the 25% group in acquisition (p: 0.004) and retention (p: 0.001). TE in the 25% group in acquisition phase was significant (p: 0.016) as well. There were no significant differences in these variables for the 100% group. Significant decrease of AE (p: 0.035), TE (0.039) and nearly significant decrease of VE (0.058) were found in the 100% group compared with the 25% group in acquisition. However, no significant difference between groups was found in retention. Although group received 25% KR was more consistent during practice, group received 100% KR was significantly more accurate and consistent at the end of the practice in acquisition. In retention test there were no significant differences between groups of feedback condition. As a conclusion in our study, individuals with stroke related brain damage benefit from 100% KR, in acquisition phase.

Research show extensive physiological and postural changes in pregnancy, particularly during the first pregnancy. These changes are in sense of balance, neurological and mechanical forms. The precise changes in postures of each parts of the body in primigravida women are still ambiguous. The current study aims to find out spinal and pelvic changes in these women in static standing. The lumbar and thoracic curves and pelvic inclination angles of thirty primigravida women (age 25±1, BMI 23±1) in the first, second and third trimesters (Weeks 10, 21 and 32 of pregnancy) were recruited in this cohort study and were compared with 18 age-BMI matched non- pregnant women (age 24±1, BMI 23±1) in a static standing posture. The curvatures were measured with use of a flexible ruler and the pelvic inclination angle was measured by a pelvic inclinometer device. Before starting the main study, the reliability and repeatability of the flexible ruler and pelvic inclinometer were confirmed in this study (ICC>0.87). An increased curvature and inclination angles were shown simultaneously while pregnancy progresses. The results showed a significant increased lumbar and thoracic curvature angles in pregnant group only during the first and second trimesters (P<0.05). However, pelvic inclination angles significantly increased during all trimesters of the pregnancy (P<0.05). The present study showed significant increases in both lumbar and thoracic curves (Sway back) and an increased pelvic tilt during pregnancy period. The results might help clinicians for prescribing suitable exercises during pregnancy and after the delivery. More research is recommended in this area.

Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive disorder, but status of these children could be worse due to progressive abnormalities especially in the musculoskeletal system. Among these abnormalities are contractures and spinal abnormalities which have negative effects on their motor skills, self-care, and activity of daily living; these are related to respiratory disorders, digestive and skin problems and sleep disorders.So, part of a treatment plan for patients with cerebral palsy is to prevent contractures and spinal distortions and their secondary effects as well as to correct distortions. SAROMM is a tool for estimation of flexibility and posture in patients with cerebral palsy to determine the appropriate treatment and prevent secondary disorders such as contractures. It is developed by Bartlett, et al (2005). Purpose of this study was assessing the reliability of SAROMM in this population. In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, 27 cerebral palsy adolescent and children 5 to 15 years (9 girls and 18 boys) with a mean age of 4/9, SD 6/2, selected non-randomly (convenience) from rehabilitation centers and schools. Informed consent was obtained from parents and participants introduced to the evaluation. The examiners1&2 (interrater) reliability done in a one-day and the same session.The order of assessment by the raters were randomized. To evaluate intrarater reliability, subjects were evaluated by the examiner 1 a week later. The correlation coefficient test was used to evaluate the correlation between the scores given by the two raters. Intera rater agreement (000/0 = P, 99/0 = ICC), and also between examiner agreement (P= 000/0, ICC=0/98) were excellent. There is the high reproducibility SAROMM scale for measuring spinal flexibility and range of motion in children and adolescent with cerebral palsy 5 to 15 years.

Having job motivation in directing the intact motivation is necessary for the proper utilization of human resources. In order to motivate a person at work, it is essential to identify the real needs of human resources; so that if we do not discover the real needs of human resources and do not respond to them timely, it is likely to leave job. So; in this study Motivational needs and its relation to the power of potential motivation in occupational therapy profession was evaluated. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 1390. The population included 97 people of occupational therapists participating in the 16th Congress of Iran occupational therapy. Data collection tools were John Wagner’s valid job characteristic model questionnaire and needs questionnaire which was developed by Gordon. For the last examination, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the Content validity were used to determine its validity. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. According to the results of two questionnaires related to the needs, participants referred their needs to safety, self-actualization, respect social needs and also need to independence to be met in their job. Whereas, occupational therapy has supplied social needs, need to self actualization, independence, respect and safety in order among occupational therapists. Among the studied variables, there was only a relationship between the variables provided for the needs in the occupational therapy profession and potential motivation (p<0.05). By Considering the average potential motivation of occupational therapy profession in this study and its relevance to the needs supplied in occupational therapy profession and also the lack of correlation between individual’s needs for job and the supplied needs in occupational therapy, we can conclude that the individual’s needs of job in occupational therapy profession has not been well taken into consideration. Therefore, further investigations seem essential in relation to the effective factors on the fulfillment of the needs of occupational therapists.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the overall lower limb muscular activity pattern during treadmill walking compared to on the ground walking during stance phase. The study was conducted on 25 healthy female students (19 to 25 years). Surface electromyography was recorded from lateral gastrocnemis, lateral and medial hamstrings, medial and lateral vasti and Gluteus medius muscles. Subjects walked on the ground (along a 6-meter track) at 3 different speeds (slow, fast, and comfortable) and walked on treadmill with matched speeds. The overall pattern of muscle activity including muscle similarity index and magnitude were computed and compared between on the ground and treadmill walking from the heel strike of dominant foot until the heel strike of opposite foot. The main effect of walking conditions (P<0.001) and speed(P<0.001) as well as the interaction effect of walking speed and conditions (P<0.001) on magnitude of muscle activity were significant. The main effect of walking conditions and speed as well as the interaction effect of condition and walking speed were not significant for similarity index. The pattern of muscular activity during walking on treadmil and on the ground was similar but walking on treadmill induced higher muscular activity in the lower limb musculature compared to on the ground walking. The results of this study are useful in assessment and planning of using treadmill in different groups of people considering the induced muscle fatigue and the risk of musculoskeletal injuries.

Sleeping is composed of two physiologic mode of slow and fast eye movement. Sleeping disorder in elderly people can cause different side effects such as falling, depression, mind disorders, irritability, tiredness, concentration problems, and so on. Current study was done with the aim of determining sleep quality among elderly people in Kermanshah. This current survey is a cross-sectional descriptive study which was performed among 100 elderly people in Kermanshah in 1392.The sample was selected according to the simple random sampling among the elderly people settling in Mehregan Sanatorium of elderly. The tools used for data collection were a questionnaire consisted of two demographic information parts and a questionnaire of Pittsburgh sleep standards, which were completed after interviewing the participants. Data was analyzed using SPSS16 software. Mean age of participants was 66.7% ±2.7% years old. Most of the participants (67%), were undereducated. Half of them were women and the other half were men. 77.6% of participants were married and the others were single, widow, or got divorce. 10.2% reported having mental disorders history. 4.1% of participants in this study had used drugs before according to the achieved information from questionnaire. 39.8% of participants had moderate and 24.5% of them had severe sleep quality problems. The findings show that prevalence of improper sleep quality among elderly people is increasing which can cause serious problems. So, identifying effective factors in sleep quality in elderly people and designing proper intervention based on those factors in the direction of improving the quality of elderly people are suggested.

Since training adaptations follows specificity principle, balance may be different in various sports. The aim of this study was to investigate the balance specificity. The participants were 72 male collegiate that competed in Iranian Students Sport Olympiad. Subjects were selected from football, wrestling, gymnastics, martial arts and weightlifting sports. All subjects were ready for testing at 2 pm in various sports groups in six consecutive days. After 5-minute warm-up and doing stretching exercises, static and dynamic balance tests were done by ‘Balance Error Scoring System’ (SEBT) and ‘Y Balance test’ (YBT), respectively. The results of one-way ANOVA and Tukey TEST analyses showed that Gymnastics toped the groups in static balance scoring 7.87 ± 3.11, followed by martial arts (10.12 ± 1.62); soccer (14.16 ± 4.79); Wrestling (18.12 ± 6.20); Basketball (19.12 ± 2.34), and Weight lifting (20.25 ± 2.03). The differences between Basketball-Weight lifting; basketball-Wrestling; Soccer-Wrestling; Soccer-martial arts; Weight lifting-Wrestling; and martial arts-Gymnastics were not significant. The same analyses results for the dynamic balance ranked martial arts (352.10 ± 20.82); Wrestling (342.81 ± 15.28); Soccer (338.75 ± 19.55); Gymnastics (333.46 ± 18.45); Weight lifting (309.84 ± 4.89), and basketball (289.27 ± 10.76). The differences between Soccer-Wrestling; Soccer- martial arts; Soccer-Gymnastics; Wrestling- martial arts; Wrestling-Gymnastics, and martial arts-Gymnastics were not significant (α = 0/05). The present study showed that balance performance similar to lots of other exercise performances is specific to the sport type.