نشریه تحقیقات دامپزشکی و فرآورده های بیولوژیک
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 105، زمستان 1393)

Owing to its wholesomeness and good taste، meat of goats and sheep is the most important human food resource. So، monitoring levels of mineral concentrations in animal tissues is important for assessing the effect of contamination on animal health and safety of animal origin products in human nutrition. This study was performed to monitor the metals levels of copper، zinc and chromium in liver، kidney and muscle of goats and sheep slaughtered in the city of Birjand with attention given to hygienic and toxicological aspects. The elements content in different tissues of goats and sheep were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis of data were performed with SPSS software and significance difference were considered with P value below 0. 05. The results of this study showed that the liver and kidney had the highest levels of metals while the muscles were in the lowest levels metals. Also، a difference was observed between same tissues of goats and sheep in terms of the amount of metals. With attention to results all the copper and zinc values in the all samples were below and chromium content in the all samples was higher than the permissible limit set by ANZFA.

Cutaneous lesions of fish from viral، bacterial، parasitic and chemical and mechanical factors are common. The rapid progress of infection and the mortality of fish need more attention. Allium hirtiofolium is a native plant in Iran which contains saponins، it has a role in inhibiting and killing cancer cells with anti-allergenic، anti-bacterial، anti-inflammatory and anti-virus effects. In this Study 120 Common Carp (10 ± 60 g) with 3% NaCl solution was sterilized for 15 minutes. At the beginning of the test a long cut 1. 5 cm and in depth of 2 mm in the rear (left side) of all of the fish was created. Afterward they were divided into 3 groups (n=40 in each)، Group 1 (control)، group2 (treated with5 mg / lit Sodium phenytoin) and group3 (treated with 5 mg / lit Allium hirtifolium). Days 0، 3، 6، 14 and 20 tests، seven fish from each group were randomly selected after that blood and tissue samples were taken from the site of the lesion. The results of the biochemical changes showed that difference in cholesterol and liver enzymes aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) in group3 compared to the control group was significant (P <0. 05)، in triglyceride was found a significant difference and it was higher in groups 3 and 1 (p <0. 05)، but No significant difference in blood glucose between groups were observed in any of the test days Between group1 and 3. Histopathology results obtained from 3 groups showed that in the group treated with phenytoin sodium healing was in less time than in group3. According to the results، further studies are recommended.

To consider of seroprevalence and to determine the focus of Brucellosis propagation in domestic animal population of different regions of Mazandaran Province، within 5 years (2006- 2010)، blood samples of 4845 numbers of sheep and goats of different districts of the province were taken. Due to continental situations، aggregation and dispersion of domestic animal population of the province، we gathered information from ranchers who had come to veterinary networks of different districts of the province to diagnosis، treatment and the get the compensation for accession and complication of the disease. We also took blood samples from all sick animals and we did random sampling for other livestock existing around contamination focus point. After serum separation، Rose Bengal test was done for all samples as the primary recognizing test، and then Right and 2-Mercaptoethanole test were done on positive serums to make the final diagnosis. The results obtained from this research showed that 457 of all tested serum samples (9. 44 %) were positive in supplementary test. Among all regions of the province، Sari district with 15. 35 % of contamination، allocates the most amounts of reactor livestock to itself، and is the main focus point of disease outbreak in the province. Districts such as Noor، Nowshahr- Chaloos and Babol with 14. 09، 13. 02 and 12. 01 percent are in next ranks of contamination، respectively. Also، at this time، Juibar district had the least contamination (0. 84 %). It seems that ranchers raise awareness and prevent the import and impermissible slaughter of contaminated animals، vaccination for all domestic animals and studies its portion effect in vaccinated animals، have an important role in control and prevention of brucellosis disease in domestic animal population of Mazandaran province.

Due to the high economic value of ostrich and the farming industry to further promote increased productivity، knowledge in different fields of science، including detailed knowledge of tissue structures vital organs from this animal looks. Ostrich''s eye is the cornea closest to the human eye because of the same anatomical features of the human cornea، corneal transplantation can be used ostrich. In this study، 12 healthy fertile ostrich eggs، ostrich farms in Mashhad birch ages 22، 26، 30 and 36 days of embryonic and three-day-old chicks were collected and sent to the histology lab. Histological evaluation of the whole eye sections were stained by hematoxylin and eosin and masson trichrome. The sclera and cornea were studied at different ages in different layers. The results showed that the three main layers of the eye at embryonic day 22 (fibrosis، vascular and nerve) was formed. In addition to the scleral tissue were also observed in mesenchymal hyaline cartilage. At older ages، the cartilage thickness increased with age and was found as articulated around the eyes. There was bone tissue in anterior part of the sclera at the junction of the cornea. It was observed in age of 30 days old and was developed in older. At the age of 22 days، the corneal epithelium was composed of a thin tissue of non-keratinized stratified squamous seemed. Up to 2 to 3 layers of the epithelium layer seemed to increase with age the number of layers that have been added. Stroma was extensive and Bowman''s membrane was uncertain. Descemet membrane at 22 day of age was weakly identified and was seen as folded. Corneal endothelium was the innermost layer، which is seen as a simple cuboidal epithelium. With increasing age، the corneal epithelium was thicker and the fiber density was increased in stoma and Bowman and Descemet membranes were identified.

In this study، 180 apiaries have been studied related to an apiary located in the village called Era in Mazandaran due to the loss and production decline. This village is located in Telmadarre countryside of Sari-based Chahardange district that is considered as an appropriate location for breeding honey bee because of favorable climatic conditions، diverse vegetation and natural springs. By the analyses conducted at parasitology unit of Mazandaran central laboratory at veterinary organization، a large number of external parasite larvae have been isolated from honey bees body surface and from their head shape، eyes، mandibles، antennas and hairs at the last abdominal segment، it has been determined that 40 percent of the honey bees under study are infected by blister beetle larvae (Meloe variegates sp.) that is reported for the first time in this province.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of estradiol on mRNA levels encoding FSH receptor (FSHR)، LH receptor (LHR)، estrogenic and progestagenic enzymes. Briefly، follicles between 2 and 5 mm diameter were dissected from the ovaries of adult cows collected from a local abattoir، cells were collected by rinsing the follicle walls with Dulbecco Modified Eagle medium/F12 (DMEM/F12). A viable cell count was performed in the presence of 0. 4 % Trypan Blue and were cultured in 24-well plates for 6 days. Treatments were 1) 500،000 cell/500 ml، 2) 500،000 cell/200 ml، 3) 500،000 cell/500 ml and estradiol 4) 500،000 cell/ 200 ml and estradiol. To measure steroid secretion، the medium was removed for steroid assay on day 6 and measured by RIA. To measure mRNA abundance، cells were collected into Trizol and stored at −80 °C until RNA extraction. All data were analyzed by JMP (SAS). Results showed that addition of estradiol to granulosa cell culture medium was stimulated the E2 synthesis in granulosa cells by increasing key enzymes involved in the conversion of androgens to E2 (estrogenic enzyme) and also inhibited the progestin synthetic pathway by decreasing mRNA level of progestagenic enzyme involved in the conversion of cholesterol to P4 and finally decreasing luteinization and improve follicle healthy or oocyte developmental competence.

The objective of this study was to determine cows with subclinical ketosis (SCK) with metabolic profile test and subsequent health and productive performances compared to cows without SCK. Ninety six Holstein dry cows were blocked within parity for similar expected calving dates. Blood samples were drawn from tail vein 1wk before calving and 1wk after calving. NEFA and BHBA concentrations were determined by computerized analyzer (RA-1000 Technicon، USA). Data were consider with VARIANCE analyze. Results showed 41. 6 percent of cows had SCK after calving. Incidence percentage of retained placenta، metrit and mastitis were higher in cows with SCK compare to cows without SCK (P < 0. 05). Day to first service (DFS) and open days (OP) were increased in cows with SCK compare to cows without SCK (P < 0. 05) whereas conception rate from first service in cows with SCK decreased. In conclusion SCK can affect animal health and with increased sensitivity to diseases and metabolic disorders during calving and after calving can be a threat for productive and reproductive performance of dairy cows.

In the present study common kilka from Guilan province coastal area (Port of Anzali) and fish meal produced from it، have been examined to investigate the type and amount of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Bio monitoring is very important because these pollutants are carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds، if they enter human food chain. Sampling process was completed in Anzali fishing port. For sampling 2 kg of fishes randomly selected and sent to laboratory for biometric experiments including fork length (cm)، weight (g) and age (year) by inner ear otolith method. For determining PAH''s frozen samples were eventually sent to laboratory. HPLC was used and a total 16 PAH''s in EPA table were determined. For 3 year old fish، the compounds found were: Naphthalene، Indeno (1،2،3…cd) pyrene، Pyrene، Fluorene، Anthracene and Dibanzo (ah) anthracene with quantities of 90. 67، 19. 75، 8. 42، 5. 93، 3. 30 and 0. 37 (ppb)، respectively. For 5 year old fish the PAHs were Naphthalene، Indeno (1،2،3…cd) pyrene and Fluorene found with quantities of 74، 14. 25 3. 96 (ppb)، respectively، while for 7 year old one no PAHs were found. The results also showed that PAHs amounts in tissues of kilka are fortunetly below the standard levels.

In aquatic ecosystems، pollutants including heavy metals cause pathological alternations in fishes. Since، the impacts of pollutants are Affected by water chemical contents، this study was conducted to compare the histopathological effects of two heavy metals As and Cd on Gill structure of Aphanius sophiae. A total of 350 specimens were collected from the Shoor River of Eshtehard during the spring and summer of 2011. For saltwater experiments seven treatments including the 5، 10 and 20 ppm of As and 5، 10 and 20 ppm of Cd plus a control one were prepared in 30-L glass aquariums with three replicates. Twenty five fish specimens were introduced into each aquarium. Similar experiments were designed for freshwater treatments using dechlorinated tap water. After 18 days of exposure، three specimens were sampled from each treatment and fixed into Boein fixative solution and left gill were removed for histological preparation. The observations of prepared histological sections showed alterations including epithelial lifting، increasing goblet cells and fusion of secondary lamellae in both treatments. Result revealed that The severity of these changes in freshwater was more than saltwater treatment. Necrosis، hyperplasia، fusion of first and secondary lamellae had been intensively occurred in freshwater treatments. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis Two-way NPMANOVA in Past software. It was concluded that decreasing salinity، which led to a decrease in water hardness can proliferate the losses rate of 11/4 times and histopathological effects as a result of As and Cd pollution.

This study was conducted to investigate the accumulation of three heavy metals including lead، tin and zinc in the liver and muscle tissues of 60 silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) collected from different stations of the Anzali wetland (located at the west south of Caspian sea): Pirbazar، Anzali، Khazarvila، Beshman، Sangachin and Abkenar، in April 2011. Samples were prepared according to standard method (MOOPAM، 1999) and amounts of three heavy metals were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Based on the results the concentrations of lead and tin in muscle were significantly higher than liver. In contrast، zink accumulation was significantly higher in the liver than muscle. The accumulation and distribution pattern of metals in the fish from different stations were as follow: Zn> Sn> Pb، and Abkenar ≤ Khazarvila < Sangachin ≤ Beshman ≤ Pirbazar ≤ Anzali. the Pb concentration in the liver of fish from all stations was lower than permissible limit of WHO. However، the Pb accumulation in the muscles of fish collected from all stations (except Abkenar) were higher than permissible limit of WHO. The levels of tin and zinc in both tissues of all fish were lower than permissible limit of WHO.

In order to study the effect of garlic crude extract on growth rate and histopathology of liver، kidney and intestinal bulb، 120 fishes with initial mean weight of 95±22 g were divided to four groups. They were fed with 0، 10، 20 and 40 g/kg garlic crud extract in food for 1 month. At the end of experimental period، the growth rate was estimated and samples from liver، kidney and intestinal bulb were taken. After using routine method for preparing the tissue section، they stained by H&E staining method. There was no significant difference between control and experimental group in body weight and growth indices. The histopathology results showed that cellular degeneration was seen in the livers of the all groups of fishes. Cellular degeneration and necrosis was also seen in the kidneys. There was cellular degeneration in each four groups of fishes، but the control group did not show the necrosis changes. The intestinal bulb of the fish in all four groups was normal and no injury was seen in this part of body. In conclusion our study showed that، garlic extract feeding in common carp cannot be regarded as completely safe additive. By feeding the common carp، some injuries were seen in the vital organs. Also garlic feeding had not positive effect on growth rate and، however، no deleterious effects on growth of the fish.

Tropical theileriosis is a tick-transmitted disease which caused by obligative intracellular protozoan Theileria annulata. Diagnosis is usually based on identification of parasite in Giemsa stained smears of peripheral blood، spleen or lymph nodes. Today، the molecular methods with high sensitivity and specificity are used for diagnosis of infected and carrier animals، epidemiological and phylogenetic studies. Due to the presence of bovine theileriosis in Iran، T. annulata phylogenetic analysis has been focused using 18S rRNA gene and ITS region sequences (ITS1، 5. 8S rRNA، ITS2) for two Alborz Theileria annulata isolates and bovine theileriosis vaccine strain S15 cell line. The target sequences were amplified by PCR and further PCR product sequencing. The phylogenetic tree were constructed based on 18S rRNA complete gene sequences and ITS region، then the sequences of Iranian isolates and registered Theileria sequences from other countries registered in GenBank were compared. The obtained results showed that the 18S rRNA gene and ITS sequence are valuable for detection and classification at the species and subspecies levels، respectively. Other important finding obtained from the present study was the result from phylogenetic tree of complete 18S rRNA gene sequences that revealed the highly pathogenic Theileria spp. (lymphoproliferative Theileria) including T. annulata، T. lestoquardi and T. parva were placed in a separate cluster away from the other Theileria spp.