مجله بررسی مسائل اقتصاد ایران
پیاپی 1 (بهار و تابستان 1393)

Too much reliance on oil incomes in oil-exporter countries is considered by economists as an undesired phenomenon. The phenomenon is undesirable because of exogenous nature of the oil price for these countries and the severe effects of sudden changes in the world oil price on the economy of such countries. This paper is an attempt to study the effects of unpredicted and exogenous changes of oil prices known as oil shocks during 1990 and 2008 on four major variables of Iran’s economy including economic growth، inflation rate and growth rates of government’s current and capital expenditures. For this purpose، Structural Vector Autoregressive Model and seasonal data are used. The results regarding the main hypothesis of the research about asymmetry in the effects of positive and negative shocks reveal that the effect of negative shocks in form of decrease in economic growth is quite greater than that of positive shocks in form of increase in economic growth. Also، the inflation rate and government’s current expenditure growth rate show an asymmetric reaction to positive and negative shocks، in a way that the negative shocks of oil price has more effect on the said variables than the positive shocks. However، for the government’s capital expenditure growth rate، the results indicate that positive shocks are more effective on the reaction of this variable.

Some Muslim economists have tried to prove that natural interest is different from usury and is therefore approved in Islam. Thus، they conclude that there is no basic difference between capitalism and Islamic economy. They believe that lack of natural interest curtails the mechanism of allocation of sources. In addition، the added value in the lease and other Islamic contracts can’t be explained. Thus، legitimacy of the difference in the price of sale on credit is a reason for legitimacy of the value of money in time and the rate of natural interest in Islamic economy. This study aims at reviewing and criticizing the above said viewpoint. The main hypothesis in this study is that there is no basic difference between natural interest and usury. The result approves the above mentioned hypothesis. Also، the lease contract is different from usury contract in nature and the reason for difference in price of credit sale is the interval between the purchase and sale، not time preference.

Since its emergence in the late 1890''s until the contemporary period، economic sociology has witnessed remarkable developments. Economic sociologists have classified these developments into three chronological periods: The Emergence Period from 1890 to the late 1920; the Decline Period from 1930 to 1960; and the Renaissance Period following the 1970''s. Such a classification is more or less common in the economic sociology; however، there is a lack of vivid discussion on the reasons and factors that contributed to the decline and then the rebirth of economic sociology، which needs to be investigated. Focusing on this need، this article first explores the reasons for the decline and renaissance of economic sociology in different areas. Then، it explains that the decline and renaissance of economic sociology are basically the result or outcome of thickening and thinning boundaries between economy and sociology. And finally، by emphasizing this key idea، the article argues that the boundaries between sociology and economy are not pre-defined، solid and clear-cut، rather they should be considered flexible، changing، and historical.

Since 1890، the science of economics is expressed as neo-classical. To be more accurate، the classical political economy is changed to neo-classical economy. The term “neo-classical economics” has been widely used ever since by numerous economists. As Marshall was more enthusiastic than other founders in determining or proving the connection between Marginalism and classical political economy، he is the one behind the coinage of the term neo-classical. Marshal sought to show a connection between marginalist and classical economy. Above all، he wanted to show that neo-classical economy is the continuation of the classical political economy. Using library sources and analytical-descriptive method، this paper attempts to show that is it not correct to attribute the neo-classical economics to the concept of connection between classical and marginalist economics or consider it as continuation of the classical economics. Thus، we show the discontinuity between the classical، marginalist، and Marshall’s theories of value and distribution by referring to theories of value and distribution. Also، such wrong attribution is emphasized by referring to other distinctive features of classical and neo-classical economics.

Consumption has attracted much attention among economics arguments which indicates its importance among economic subjects. One of the most important factors influencing consumption pattern is income. This article is to examine the allocation of income in the Islamic economics. Considering that in Islamic economics the criterion of rational behavior is its correspondence with Islamic values and standards، therefore، the present article is to show that the goal in the Islamic society is to satisfy the Almighty to its fullest. With this goal in mind the income is to be spent in three areas; consumption، expenditure in the social sharing (to give and donate in order to please God) and investment. The allocation of the income in the Islamic economics is to be spent for functionally and economically important matters like: easing poverty and improvement of the distribution of income، increment in the efficiency of Bazar (business)، improvement of economy، regulating economic irregularities، improving the standard of living for all، preserving the environment and the like. Therefore، if each individual follows the instruction of the Quran and the direction given by the Prophet (B) and observes the strict rules of the true religion (like avoiding the conspicuous consumption، prodigal spending، wastage and overspending)، the Islamic society will witness the، improvement، development and glory.

This article aims at presenting a descriptive study of the future of Iran’s economy. The most significant feature of the article is that it taps into the new institutional theoretical framework and compares it to a scenario-based model. On this basis، technology is the key concept that explains the reality of development، and the efficiency of ownership law structure is the cause of success of a national economy in the realm of technology. This article attempts to present a picture of Iran’s future economy within the new institutional theoretical framework، through the necessities associated with changes in the structure of ownership law along the path of institution changes. The scenario-based model assumes that any changes in the structure of the ownership law aiming at enhancing technology require that the national economy be able to pay the costs of institution changes، costs that result from an ascending efficacy of institution matrix. In other words، the winners of the institution matrix must be able to pay such costs. In this way، the efficiency of judicial system and political and economic control of the military is the yardstick of the movement. It appears that trends in Iran’s economy are in such a way that the costs of changes in the structure of ownership law aiming at enhancing technology are increasing.