نشریه مطالعات شبه قاره
سال ششم شماره 20 (پاییز 1393)

Following the begining of the geographical discoveries in the 15th and 16th centuries، severe competition began among Europeans on taking control over the East spices and its legendary riches. The action of Dutch merchants in 1599 about increasing the price of each pound of pepper from three to eight schillings provoked the wrath of adventurous English sailors. Hence the British Queen Elizabeth declared her agreement on that the East trade be monopolized by the British East company in 1600. The significant increase in colonial incomes compared to those of business impacted the primary policy of European sailors. The political and military dominance of Britain over the Indian subcontinent provided the opportunity of its borders adjacency to Iran’s borders. Thus، the company and English colonists tried to keep this possession from European (France، Netherlands، Portugal) Asian، Russian and Afghani competitors. The purpose of the present research، which is conducted using the library method and descriptive-analytic approach، is to concentrate on historical sources and documents and to historically explain further the nature of the practices of the East India Company agents to preserve their colonial possession by creating buffer spaces between the colony and nearby lands (Iran and Afghanistan).

A Study on Cultural Relations between Iranian and Pakistani Baluchistan in the Third Millennium B.C.on the Basis of New Archaeological Surveys in Iranian Makran.

Traveling between India and Iran has a history of several thousand years and Economic and cultural relations between the two territories have never been cut. But Iranians have immigrated to India from the tyranny of kings and swords for safety rapists. This period began with the Mongol invasion of asylum. The key question is: Why Iranians during the Mongol invasion have chosen to migrate to India? And another question: What was the fate of Iranian refugees in India? It is assumed that: there was an inaccessible shelter Because of Unknown nature، rainforests and vast plains full of different races and religions، mysterious. Also cultural similarities between the inhabitants on both sides of the Indus and Indian spirit moderate further motivation for immigration causes in difficult situations. We can guess، India in the seventh century AD، a safe place to keep some of the cultural glories of Iran. These research methods is “descriptive and analytical” and refer to the original sources، Examples of Iranians fled to India، and the reasons for their migration to this country will be analyzed. The results showed: India was a safe place for refugees in the Mongol onslaught، and they came to the land with various motivations: Warlords، who saw the India as a treasury that helped their sword to prepare for new battle. Poets and writers went to the king''s court Because of they shall enjoy the calm banks of river Indus and Ganges and create works of art and cultural and As a follower of the Sufi sects thought، That India is a great place to promote their beliefs، so they settled permanently. As a result of this migration، Persian culture and language was introduced in India and Some of the achievements of Iranian culture، held in that land.

Due to the establishment of the new Islamic regime of Pakistan in the Indian subcontinent، the Islamists’ launched an attempt to build an Islamic government in this country. Abu al-Ala Maududi has been a prominent thinker whose thought inspired most of the Islamic groups in Pakistan، and by establishing the Jamaat-e-Islami Party (JIP)، he participated in the attempt. However، as the present study shows، while Maududi’s elitism failed to gain the mass support and the party has had little success in the popular political campaigns، in order to gain the public support it lost its revolutionary content and converted into a classic، political party and instead of producing Islamic revolutionists، it turned to play due to the rules of game in power struggle. In order to understand the Islamic، political parties and movements، in the present study it has been attempted to review the JIP’s experience in Pakistan through the content analysis of Maududi’s texts.

Gholam Ahmad Ahmadi Madrasi is one of the unknown Persian-speaking Indian poets that lived during the late Timurid period; the only remained writing of him is a selection of his sonnets from a manuscript that is being kept in the Parliament Library. He can be considered among the second rate poets of his period; Those who perhaps had not create a revolution in the form and content of poetry in Persian، but their poetry was a manifestation of first moves for the beginning of a period that later reputed to the return of literary and the motivation of addressing for such poet in this article is the mentioned point. The sonnets of Ahmadi Madrasi، from both word and content point of view، are similar to the Iraqi style. His poems are simple، smooth، and far from complexity، there is no imagery and bizarre metaphors and away from out of mind themes of the Hindi style poetry. The research method in this study is based on the sonnet style analysis of the poet.

Hinduism seems as a flexible and reformative religion from the view of its history and followers. In the contemporary era، due to the European domination over India and encountering with the religious ideas of Islam and Christianity، religious reform was brought out in Hinduism. Additionally، some factors such as class differences، Sati custom، idol worship and superstitions among Hindu people، caused Hindu religious thinkers came to understand the necessity of religious reform. Hindu thinkers’ efforts led to create two reformist and revivalist movements Arya samaj by Swami Dayanande Saraswati and Brahmo Samaj by Ram Mohan Roy. The present article reviews these movements and introduces their founders and studies their changes in brief. The research method is descriptive and based on the library data and the necessity of that is with regard to increasing knowledge in the scope of new studies about the religions.

From different views، manuscripts belong to the most important human works and the most fundamental cultural foundations and they are distinguished signs of civilization and history of a territory. Since Farsi has been the official language of India for more than 400 years، there are numerous Farsi manuscripts in its libraries and document centers. It is clear that all of these copies are considered as valuable cultural and historical heritage of Iran and India. So، by consideration of Farsi language and literature span in India، also to protect the cultural heritage of Iran، it seems necessary to study in the realm of Farsi manuscripts existing in the complexes of this country. In addition to introducing manuscripts، this article deals with collecting and offering the related indexes in the libraries and document centers of India. The research results indicate that so far، 135 titles of indexes of Farsi manuscripts have been conducted and codificated in India and they are available in 39 libraries and document centers of this country. It is possible that because of improper keeping conditions، high percent of Farsi manuscripts may be destroyed or have not been registered in this country yet.

Geopolitical Studying of Pakistan in the scope of competition and Cooperation with the Islamic Republic of Iran is the main subject of the present study. The research method is descriptive-analytic and it has been attempted to answer the question that to what extent does the geopolitical challenges and incompatible competitions of Pakistan with Iran affect the relationship between the two countries? The research Hypothesis also states that the geopolitical challenges has weakened the competition and cooperation of these countries. A review of the geopolitical analysis of Pakistan shows that Pakistan cooperation with Iran is hidden in issues such as OIC، ECO، ethnic issues، Iran- India gas pipe line (energy)، and D-8. Although Pakistan considers friendly relationship with Iran as one of the most important factors for its own and region''s safety، this country''s attitude toward regional issues and competition with Iran، has challenged with or even endangered the safety and interests of Iran for many times. Ideological and nuclear issues، the viewpoint of the two countries about Central Asia and Afghanistan، port matters and the competition between two ports of Gwadar and Chabahar are among challenges and incompatible competitions between the two countries.