نشریه دانشور پزشکی
پیاپی 114 (دی 1393)

Appropriate dietary pattern as one of the influencing factors on quality of life plays an important role in the control and treatment of diabetes. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between dietary patterns and quality of life in patients with diabetes. This cross-sectional study was done on 110 patients with diabetes attending the Diabetes Clinic of Ahvaz in 2012. The instrument for data collection included demographic and anthropometric questionnaire, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, quality of life questionnaire SF-36 and audit of diabetes-dependent quality of life (ADDQOL). The collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 19, by independent t test and multivariate linear regression. In this study, three major dietary patterns including healthy, traditional and high-protein dietary patterns were identified. Healthy dietary pattern was associated with smaller amounts of weight, BMI, body fat percent and blood glucose (p<0.05). A significant positive correlation was also found between healthy dietary pattern and quality of life indices (physical functioning, general health, vitality, self-confident, positive feeling about the future and freedom to eat). In contrast, the traditional dietary pattern was associated with lower score of quality of life (p<0.05). Modification of dietary pattern and following a healthy dietary pattern, by a positive impact on the anthropometric indices, blood glucose control and increased self-confidence and hope in the future, will improve quality of life in patients with diabetes.

The tissue oxidative stress is the most important factor in the development of diabetic kidney disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of swimming training and Arbutin supplement on diabetes-induced renal oxidative stress. 42 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (7 rats per group) of control, diabetes, Arbutin, diabetes-Arbutin, diabetes-training and diabetes-combinatorial. Diabetes was induced by alloxan (90 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) in rats and Arbutin (50 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered for 5 days/week. The animals were exercised by swimming training at 5 min to 36 min per day, five days a week over six weeks. The rats were killed 48 h after the last treatments and renal malondialdehyde, catalase level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were evaluated. A one-way analysis of variance was used for data analysis. Diabetes significantly increased renal malondialdehyde level and decreased renal SOD activity and catalase level (p = 0.000). Six weeks of supplementation with Arbutin and swimming training was associated with a significant decrease in malondialdehyde and elevated catalase level compared with diabetes group (p=0.000). But superoxide dismutase activity significantly increased in diabetes-combinatorial group (p=0.001). Our results confirm that regular swimming training and Arbutin supplement protect against oxidative stress-induced kidney damage by up-regulation of antioxidants and decreasing malondialdehyde in diabetic rats.

Perfectionism is a multidimensional construct in students that are influenced by personality traits and attachment styles. Therefore, this study using the big five personality model and attachment styles to provide a prediction model for the positive and negative perfectionism. In a cross-sectional study, 400 students of northern Iran during the years 2010-2011 were selected by consecutive sampling and each of them answered to Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale, NEO-Five Factor Inventory and Revised Adult Attachment Scale. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression. Findings showed that these assumed factors totally explain 20% and 25% of shared variance of positive and negative perfectionism respectively. Overall, in final step, positive perfectionism was predicted by variables of conscientiousness, extraversion, anxious attachment and openness and negative perfectionism was predicted by variables of anxious attachment, neuroticism, extraversion and conscientiousness (p<0.0001). Results indicated that some important personality traits and attachment styles can influence the expression of positive and negative perfectionism. Thus, it is necessary to plan interventions for the regular management of driving components of positive and negative perfectionism.

Given the high incidence of breast cancer in Iranian women and their lack of interest in performing screening mammography, determining the most important predicting structures of mammography behavior can provide the possibility of promoting interventions for this behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine the effective structures of the theory of planned behavior on screening mammography in housewives over 40 years. The participants in this cross-sectional study included 294 women over 40 years in the city of Arak. They completed the theory of planned behavior questionnaire in relation to screening mammography. Then, using linear and logistic regression, the predictor variables of behavior and intention of the mammography were identified. The mean age of participants was 47.33 years (with a mean of 4.95 and range of 40-58 years). In the provided model to predict performing of screening mammography, the behavior intention structure (OR = 5.17, p < 0.001) was the most important predictor. Regarding the productivity of mammography intention, the three structures of subjective norms (R2 = 0.21, p < 0.001), perceived behavioral control (R2 = 0.16, p < 0.001) and knowledge (R2 = 0.13, p < 0.001) was the predictors of this intention. Based on our results, the structures of intention, perceived behavioral control and subjective norms of the theory of planned behavior are the predictors of mammography behavior. Thus, the theory-based and promoting mammography behavior interventions in the housewives can be designed based on this model.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common microorganisms that is recovered from clinical bacterial isolates. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommends usage of cefoxitin when using the disk diffusion method to determine resistance against methicillin for S. aureus. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of cefoxitin disk diffusion test to detect MRSA and compare it with PCR methods for detection of mecA gene. S. aureus was isolated from patients in five selected hospitals of Tehran province and identified by biochemical conventional methods and PCR for nuc gene (specific for this bacterium). Cefoxitin disc diffusion test was performed using 30 µg disc according to recommendations of CLSI. PCR for amplification of the mecA gene was performed. With phenotypic methods and PCR for nuc gene, identification of 101 isolates was confirmed as S. aureus. Disk diffusion method showed that all isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid antibiotics and 58 isolates were found to be methicillin resistant by cefoxitin disc diffusion. For these 58 isolates, mecA gene was positive. In the absence of availability of molecular biology techniques, the cefoxitin disc can be an alternative to PCR for detection of MRSA as a simple and economically low cost method.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most prevalent bacterial infections and Escherichia coli is the most common cause of it. The aim of this study was determination of the antibiotic resistance of E. coli isolated from urine of adult patients (≥15 years old) harboring UTI symptoms at Pars General Hospital in Tehran, Iran, for evaluating the most effective drug for the empirical treatment of this infection. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility test, obtained by the disk diffusion method, were investigated for E. coli isolated from urine during three months from April to July 2013. The frequency of antibiotic resistance in E. coli isolates (562 isolate) was as follows: ampicillin 80.3%, cotrimoxazole 61.4%, ciprofloxacin 48.7%, cefazolin 46.1%, cefepime 45.8%, ceftriaxone 42.5%, tobramycin 28.7%, ceftazidime 27.3%, gentamicin 24.1%, nitrofurantoin 2.2%, piperacillin/tazobactam 1.4%, amikacin 0.5% and colistin 0.4%. Resistance to meropenem was not seen and 42.1% of E. coli isolates contained extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL). A higher resistance to most antibiotics was seen in E. coli isolated from men as compared to women, inpatient as compared to outpatients and elder patients as compared to younger patients, which these differences were statistically significant for some antibiotics (p <0.05). Considering high frequency of resistance to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole in E. coli isolated from urine of patients, it seems that these drugs are not appropriate for empirical treatment of adults with urinary tract infection.

Adipokines are adipocytokines that are released from adipose tissue and play a role in increasing or decreasing insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to survey the effect of high volume high intensity training on plasma visfatin and vaspin, insulin resistance, lipid profile and body composition of overweight men. Twenty overweight men were randomly divided into the control group (n=10) and training group (n=10). The training group performed high volume HIT training for 8 weeks (3 times per week). Before the training period, subject’s body composition evaluated by body composition analyzer, BoCA X1 model. Fasting blood samples was also obtained before training protocol and 48 hours after last training session for evaluating lipid profile and plasma glucose, insulin, visfatin and vaspin. ELISA method was used according to instructions of kit manufacturer. Data were analyzed by covariance analysis using SPSS 20. High volume HIT decreased body fat present (p= 0.042), BMI (0.05), WHR (p= 0.007), LDL (p= 0.02), cholesterol (p= 0.00), insulin resistance (p= 0.013), visfatin (p= 0.001) and increased vaspin (p=0.002) and HDL (p=0.001) in overweigh men. The results of the present study suggested that high volume HIT improves body composition in overweight men. The decreased fat present was consistent with decease of insulin resistant, serum visfatin and increase of serum vaspin. Therefore, using high volume HIT for decreasing insulin resistant by improvement in body composition, decrease of visfatin and increase of vaspin in overweight men is useful.

Pathologically, temporal lobe epilepsy is hallmarked with neuronal degeneration in some areas of hippocampus and mossy fiber sprouting in dentate area. Considering some evidences on neuroprotective and antioxidant activity Nigella sativa (NS), this study was undertaken to evaluate the preventive effect of NS on structural changes in hippocampus of kainate-epileptic rats. In this study, 28 male rats were divided into sham, NS-treated sham, epileptic, and NS-treated epileptic group. Rat model of epilepsy was induced intrahippocampal administration of 0.8 μg kainic acid per rat. Rats treated by intraperitoneal administration of alcoholic extract of NS daily for 1 week before surgery. Finally, brain sections were stained with Nissl and Timm methods. Induction of epilepsy by kainic acid was followed by a significant seizure and NS pretreatment significantly attenuated seizure intensity. Density of Nissl-stained neurons in CA1, CA3, and CA4 of hippocampus was significantly lower in epileptic rats versus sham (P<0.05-0.01) and NS extract pretreatment significantly increased it only in CA3 zone (p<0.05). Regarding mossy fiber sprouting, epileptic rats showed a higher degree of sprouting as compared to sham group (p<0.005) and NS pretreatment significantly lowered it (p<0.05). Pretreatment with alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa reduces seizure intensity and could preserve neurons in some area of hippocampus and could lower mossy fiber sprouting.

Adiponectin is an adipocytokine that is produced in adipocytes and recent studies have shown that adiponectin has anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory feature. But its response to successive exercises and detraining is unknown. The purpose of the present research was to measure the effect of a 10-week high intensity interval training (HIIT) and subsequent detraining period on plasma level of adiponectin in non-athlete male students. In this quasi-experimental research, 26 non-athlete male students were selected in a simple random manner and were divided into two control and experimental groups. Experimental group exercised in a 10-week training plan, 3 times a week; with a severing gamut of 85 to 100 percent HRmax and sequentially they experienced 4 weeks of detraining. The blood sampling was done after fasting for 14 hours in various phases with same conditions and the plasma level of adiponectin was measured using American Boster Corporation Adiponectin kit. Data were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, repeated measure ANOVA and post hoc LSD and t-test at a significance level set at α≤0.05. The results showed that 10-week high intensity interval training (HIIT) results in a significant increase in the level of plasma adiponectin as well as a significant decrease in BMI value and body weight in experimental group than the ones in the control group (p=0.000). It was also found out that plasma level of adiponectin had a significant decrease after 4 weeks of detraining (p=0.000). At the end of research, there was no notable change in body weight, BMI value and plasma level of adiponectin in the control group. High-intensity interval training, as a new and effective method of training, with a noteworthy increase in adiponectin, a protective factor for cardiovascular disease, has a prophylactic effect on cardiovascular disease, while with a cessation of exercise and detraining, optimal training adaptations are lost and with a decrease in adiponectin, people are exposed to risk factors for heart disease.