فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 56 (زمستان 1392)

Misreading-tashif- being interpreted as an alteration in the dots and letters of a word while keeping its original structure is one of the corruptions of written sources which is also noticeable in the sources of history of Islam. It is included a numerous samples of misreading in the name of companions of Prophet Mohammad in the sources related to them as well as the Prosopography’ books and the ignorance of them leads to some difficulties in the comprehension of historical propositions concerning the life of prophet. Investigating the sources of Prosopography، this writing has tried to study the reasons of misreading and its varieties in the name of companions and to clarify the denotations of misreading، moreover، following the consideration of consequences of misreading in the comprehension of the life of prophet; it proposes the ways of identification of misreading to the researchers.

Mohammad Ibn e- Hanafi’s Family has taken a significant part in regard with the development of scientific thoughts in the extension of history of Islam, So that the kind of their scientific activity and the mode of their performance is one of the vital and efficient elements towards the spread and exchange of diverse traditional and intellectual sciences to the next generations. Relying on the quantitative methods and following the investigation of the scientific function of the outstanding scholars in Mohammad Ibn e-Hanafi’s family, the research quantitatively presents the information extracted from the reliable sources concerning the authorities, history, narration, kinship as well as the classes. The outcome of research reveals that due to the political-social conditions, the scientific approach of this family has been mostly towards the traditional sciences until the end of Abbasid era- 656 after hijrah. Consequently, they had a considerable effect on account of the propagation and advancement of sciences in different lands as well as the foundation of educational and scientific systems particularly in the Muslims’ community being in need of the development of science.

It was noted to the marvel-writing –ajayebnegari- as one of the varieties of descriptive geography writing in the world of Islam, by Ibn e- Khordazbeh- 272 after hijrah, and Ibn e- Rostah -290 after hijrah. whereas for the first time, Ibn e- Faqih in Alboldan greatly studied marvel- writing as well as the historical and geographical issues. Considering the historical and geographical information, the present writing tries to state the position of Alboldan in the historical trend of marvel-writing within the Islamic civilization through the clarification of various kinds of marvel-writing, classification of verities of marvels, the way of introduction of marvels in Alboldan as well as the investigation of the sources of Ibn e- Faqih and the people who utilized his sources. The studies confirm that Ibn e- Faqih kept on the tradition of marvel- writing of the lands on one hand and on the other hand he developed marvel-writing relying on the prior sources and the information gathered from various areas particularly Iran. Consequently, Alboldan is considered as a prelude to the marvel-writing in the next centuries.

The unforeseen murder or assassination is considered as one of the important issue in the history of political change of the world of Islam and Iran during the fifth and sixth centuries after hijrah. The historical sources of this period have registered a great number of these murders with religious, political and economical inspirations. The political conditions of the world of Islam, the initiation of the Ismaelite Nizaris movement and following that, the establishment of the government by Hassan Sabbah led to the development of the most singular and severe periods of political – religious murders in the history of Islam and Iran along with the plenteous outcomes in a variety of dimensions and grounds. The murder of diverse groups of authorities like caliph, sultan, minister, amir and jurisprudents is one the salient features of these kinds of murders in this phase. Taking advantage of the earlier sources along with the accurate and factual narration of these murders, the present writing points out the reasons and the grounds of their occurrence and finally it illustrates their statistics and frequency through the tables and scales.

In the very last years of the first century After Hijrah and simultaneous with the first decades of the eighth century A.D, it was opened the gates of Andalusia by Muslim conquerors and in this land, the government of Muslims changed into a place for perfection of Islamic civilization around eight centuries. Providing the necessary conditions for the peaceful coexistence of various nations and the intellectual indulgence and toleration, the Islamic civilization had changed into a place for the Iranian, Indian and Roman civilizations and at this time, it had entered into a new land with particular properties. he attractions of Islamic culture and civilization led to the tendency of Christians of Andalusia towards the Muslims’ traditions while preserving their own rituals. Muslims provided a peaceful atmosphere with appropriate conditions in favor of the interaction in the diverse religious, cultural and social grounds. This research tries to investigate the social consequences of the presence of Muslims in Andalusia in the issues such as the family system, clothing, nourishment and the way of serving, health and the administration of religious traditions.

There exist similarities and differences among some cultural and civilized dimensions of the Islamic and western civilizations apart from the specific elements of Islamic culture and civilization being effective over the west. In the latest researches and the books connected to the history of science and civilization, it has been noted to the plenty of points in this regard. Whereas the main issue of this writing is in regard with the illustration of similar and different aspects of the world of Islam and Europe related to the educational system and programs, the compilation of methods, the orders and principles dominant on the education and materials as well. It seems that considering the similar aspects of the world of Islam and Europe in this regard and due to the chronological priority of changes in the world of Islam and various modes of scientific and cultural interaction of Muslims and Europeans, the educational system and the centers of Muslims had a positive and profound effect on the development of education in Europe.

Caravanserais are border garrisons relying on them the warriors of Islam could resist towards the attacks of enemies and unbelievers. Transoxania was considered as one of the eastern marches of the world of Islam towards Turks and this issue led to the construction of numerous caravanserais in this section. Since the middle of forth century after hijrah due to the tendency of Turks towards Islam religion, the caravanserais of Transoxania lost their military function and they changed into a place for the recreation of commercial Caravans. Following a brief explanation concerning caravanserais,this writing investigates the caravanserais of Transoxania and the way of alteration in their function and introduces an instance of them.