نشریه پژوهش های نقد ادبی و سبک شناسی
پیاپی 16 (تابستان 1393)

Eloquence as a Knowledge that relates to Aesthetics in literature, is one of the most important and effective Knowledge which has been ignored and in Persian language. Eloquence during the one thousand years of Persian literature always has suffered from calamities and deficiencies such as: lack of making scientific theories, imitation of Arab literature, diversity of opinions in names, general and ambiguous definitions, attention to irrelevant subjects and no attention to new subjects like: in literary works, antiquity and inefficiency in its traditional structure. In this article which has been written in descriptive and analytical style and it's information has been gathered through library and internet searching, it is tried to classify and analyze these calamities and deficiencies,and finally with exact study of different subjects in rhetorical science such as: imagination, metaphor, and allusion we express our point of view about some current, correct and incorrect traditional definitions.

Human being always has tried to construct a utopia in which prosperity exists. His interior drive is endless and cannot be contented which makes the imagination of the possibility of utopia s construction. Jacques Lacan elaborates the Symbolic Order (this world) and proves that it is against the Real Order (a place from which human sendless needs are derived) and knows The Political from the second one which can make utopia in an ideal position. According to Lacan, the construction of endless and defect-less in the relative world of the Symbolic is impossible because The Symbolic framework is under the dominance of pre-determined rules (signifiers). The political structures who want to establish utopia, because of not being aware of the real reason that causes the failure of utopia sconstruction, think the opposition as the real obstacle. So, they tried to remove the opposition. Such a process at last established dictatorships like Soviet Union. Here, the writers are to show in The Neighbors written by Ahmad Mahmood that how human beings, by forgetting utopia and believing that utopia s construction is impossible which stands as a lack, can avoid the establishment of dictatorships by such vain slogans. This novel is the political combatants failure in the construction of utopia that has roots in the slogans of Soviet Union. Lacan emphasizes that human beings for becoming closer to the real prosperity should face the realities of the society and avoid every unattainable imaginations. The failure of this novel smain character to reach his utopian slogans in prison against the dominant tyranny reinforces this idea.

Sadi in his manner fiction, often has made use of many of dramatic elements, such as: exposition, suspense, crisis, conflict, plot, characterization, complication, resolution, epilogue etc. These elements reinforce dramatic aspects in Sadi's tales. Also, from the point of view of science of semiotics, Sadi's tales are rich of many iconic signs. In this article, for better understanding of artistic values of sadi's style fiction, we have investigated all dramatic elements in one of Boostan-e- Sadi's tales.

Based on Carl Gustav Jung's Analytical Psychology, unconscious which has two parts- personal and collective- is the place of primordial images or archetypes, which are said to be collective manifestations. So the unconscious is the Treasury of human experiences from our ancient fathers up to now. These archetypes, located in the dark depth of unconscious, are displayed in the form of various symbolic images in the literary works and in this way, they appear in boundaries of self-awareness. Archetypal criticism is a new branch of contemporary literary criticism which has attracted the literary critic's attention. In this approach, literary work is considered as a location for archetypes exhibition and knowing the concept of literary work is related to these archetypes. In this paper, the analytical descriptive method has been used and has been presented the theoretical definition of archetypal criticism as well as the analysis of Paulo Coelho's novel -The Alchemist- and also presenting of hero's journey since the opening dream, the guidance of the wise old man and discovering the inside Anima up to hero 's individuation. This paper shows that the author has benefited of archetypal characters and situations, accordingly, Character's roles and actions, based on Jung's theories can be studied.

Mahdi Akhawan Sales and Abdul WahabBayati are two prominent poets in Persian and Arabic literature. Mahdi Akhawan Sales is one of the famous poets in free verse in Persian Language that by relying on the ancient words andPersianmythology reached innovation in the form and the content of poetry. Bayati is also one of the famous innovators in Arabic contemporary poetry that in addition to be master in contemporary Arabic poetry, has been influenced by methods of western contemporary literature. This survey is an attemptto answerthese questions; that how much the atmosphere of intellectual and philosophical gloom of these two poets are influenced by failures in the social and political fields? Also, how were the similarities and differences of these two poets in the theme and techniques of contemporaryretellingof human unpleasantexperiences have been appeared in their poems? The researchmethodologyis descriptive- analyticalstudyof some poems oftwo poetsand the rule of formation foreground of their disappointment at their viewpoint. The results ofthisstudy suggeststhat sad thought and philosophical failurein thelyrics ofAkhavanand Bayati, morethan anything, is due todefeatinthe struggle tobuilda better worldinthe homeland. Also, both poets with collections of folklore and mythical culture have been well able to demonstrate new paradoxical concepts in today's human. Bayati with masksof myths and meta-chronictime techniques and Akhavan by selectingan epic languagereflect human anger and unhappiness of present facts and disappointment about future.

Vladimir Propp structural analysis present that all fairy talesembody the basic principles, despite the surface profusion of detail, the small number of characters play small number of function. In this structure the all-important and unifying element is found within the character's function, the parts they play in the plot. Talkhun certainly is one of the most importantstories of SamadBehrangi, the most significant writer of children's literature.This paper with the analysis method, has presented the narrative fictions in the plot of this story on the basis of Propp structural theory. Fundamentally, twenty fictions have been shown like Propp structural theory.In the narrative structure of characters, the elimination of some characters rooted in some elements such as the length of story and the cultural differences with Russian fairy tales. After the determination of narrative kinds, the perfectibility of Talkhun, as a main character of this story, has been shown.

The poets, with regard to their own special situation, are more interested in some words. These words called keywords are very effective to recognize the writer's thought. In this research, the keywords of resistance literature [Martyr and Martyrdom] are studied to access QeysarAminpoor's thoughts, innovation and his attitude towards them. His period of poetry is divided into three stages and also it is shown in these stages the application of these words along with the social changes.These innovations are shown in syntax by decrease of interrogative and first plural person pronoun usage and increase of imperative sentences and it is visible by changing of adjectives related to each key words. Semantically these key words in the first stage in the beginning years of imposed war and Islamic revolution, translated the religion and epic massages. In the second stage although the features of the first stage are still active, there are some signs of alteration in the usage of these key words. These key words in the third stage in the syntagmatic axis induce new concepts. The poet by going away from revolution and war atmosphere, goes away from group identity and pays attention to himself.