فصلنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی
پیاپی 23 (پاییز 1393)

This study examined the effect of muscular strength training on soccer players ’lactate level. sixteen players participated in the study، where both the active rest training group in between sets in strength training (ARG، n=9) and passive rest training group in between sets in strength training (PRG، n=7) participated in 8 weeks of muscular strength training twice per week with 10 exercise from 30 to 50 maximal strength. After determining the normality by Kolmogorov- Smirnov test، a Repeated Measure with a significant level of ≥α0. 05 was used. The results indicate that after the training period Between-group improvement was significantly higher in the ARG compared with the PRG for VO2max، time to exhaustion، Rast test، and Hoff test. Finally، the results showed that the resistance training with active rest causes improvements in ’lactate level of soccer players compare to resistance training with passive rest in the pre-competitive season.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of one Period strength training with two loading patterns (double-pyramid & flat pyramid) were employed to study their effects on selected on muscle strength، endurance، hypertrophy and anaerobic power of young judos. For this purpose، 24 judos volunteered to participate. Subjects (age 19. 03± 1. 54 years; height 177. 24± 4. 14 cm; weight 71. 73±10. 60 Kg and BF% 13. 60±6. 04) had a history of at least 6 months of judos training. The subjects were randomly divided into 3 groups; a control group (n=8)، and two resistance training groups: a group using the DP loading pattern (n=8); and a group using the FP loading pattern (n=8). The subjects trained for 8 weeks using two selected loading patterns. After assurance the normal data distribution (Kolmogorov– Smirnov test)، One way analysis of variance for، Tukey''s post-hoc test showed muscular endurance and strength، hypertrophy and anaerobic power did not indicate any significant differences between the two training groups; however، this difference was significant for the control group (P<0·05). In conclusion، it seems that both training models were suitable for increasing strength، endurance، hypertrophy and anaerobic power in young judo.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of vitamin E supplementation on selective testes oxidative stress markers and spermatogenesis during 8 weeks of intensive training in male rats. A total of 30 male rats (age: 3 months، weight: 247±10g) were randomly assigned to Control (C، n=10)، intensive exercise (IE، n=10) and intensive exercise + supplement (IE+S) groups. The intense exercise protocol consisted of 5 days per week of training for 8 weeks. In IE+S group، vitamin E was injected at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day. All the animals were killed and testes were collected for evaluation of different parameters. Data were analyzed using SPSS-15 and ANOVA test. A significant elevation in malon di aldehyde (MDA) levels (P<0. 02) along with significant reduction in spermatogenesis quality (P<0. 03) were observed in testes of IE group. In the IE+S group، testes total antioxidants capacity (FRAP) significantly increased (P<0. 03)، whereas MDA levels and spermatogenesis quality remained unchanged (P>0. 05). These results suggest that the vitamin E supplementation may be effective in protecting the probable aggravating effects of intensive exercise on spermatogenesis and fertility capacity

This study designed and investigated the Relationship between aerobic power to physical activity levels and anthropometric factors among 12-16 Year- Old Boys. Therefore 275 Bardaskan''s male adolescents aged 12-16 selected using random cluster sampling. subject Characteristics include height، weight، BMI، WHR، body fat percent، physical activity level، body surface area and aerobic power، where was measured using the validated methods. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and Spearman correlation coefficients، multiple regression and Anova in SPSS version 15. The results showed that there was significant inverse relationship between aerobic power and indicators of age (r=-0. 35)، weight (r=-0. 34)، fat percent (r=-0. 47)، BMI (r=-0. 42)، WHR (r=-0. 20)، and body surface area (r=-0. 30) (p<0. 01). There was not significant correlation between aerobic power and Height (r=-0. 14). There was significant positive correlation between aerobic power and Physical activity levels (PAL) (r=0. 47). Aerobic power was significantly higher in subjects with high level PAL than subjects with moderate and low PAL. The Rates aerobic power and level of physical activity was significantly decreased with increasing age. It can be concluded that regard to PAL increase in subjects with high BMI، WHR، Weight، body fat percentage is useful to prevent from reduction of cardiopulmonary fitness. As well as Age، body fat percentage and physical activity were factors that affected the relative maximum oxygen uptake of boys.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of 12 week vitamin E supplementation and regular physical activity on level of liver enzymes in non-alcoholic fatty liver patients. Thirty patients suffering from non-alcoholic fatty liver participated in this research voluntarily. They were randomly divided into two groups: Group A (patients who use two 400 mg vitamin E tablet daily in the morning and at night for 12 weeks، n=10)، and group B (patients who received programmed regular physical exercise، n=10). Aspartate amino transferase (AST)، Alanine amino transferase (ALT)، and alkalin phosphatase (ALP) Enzymes were measured. Sonography was used to measure fatty steatosis grade. In sonography، although there was no significant difference in fatty steatosis grade between groups (p>0. 05)، there was significant decrease after treatment in both groups compared with pre-treatment (p<0. 05). All liver enzymes were decreased in both groups after treatment compared with pre-treatment (p<0. 05). There was no significant differences between groups (p>0. 05). It seems that regular physical activity without considering the kind of diet or weight loss results in decreasing liver enzymes and ultrasound evidences in non-alcoholic fatty liver patients. According to side-effects of long duration supplementation of vitamin E، regular physical activity can be more suitable method to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver.

The effect of glycogen depletion on CGRP response to endurance training and possible role of lactate on resting CGRP release were investigated in the present study. Ten active men with age 22. 4 ± 1. 67، weight 71. 28 ± 5. 56 and BMI 23. 31 ±1. 07 were participated in the study. In four separated sessions with at least one week wash out time between them، Each subject performed the Pmax test، acute time trial endurance exercise (control test)، acute time trial endurance exercise after glycogen depletion (depletion test) and lactate clamp test. The blood samples were collected before and immediately after each test in order to determination of plasma lactate، serum CGRP and triglyceride concentrations. Plasma lactate and serum CGRP concentration were determined by RIA and ELISA techniques، respectively. The differences of variables between depletion and control tests were determined by one-paired sample t test. Serum CGRP concentration was significantly increased from its baseline values in control (P<0. 001)، depletion (P<0. 001)، and lactate clam tests (P<0. 001). In addition، significant difference was found on post exercise value of serum CGRP concentration between control and depletion tests (P<0. 01). There was a significant relationship between the levels of plasma lactate and serum CGRP concentration (P<0. 01). Immediately after exercise، serum triglyceride concentration was significantly different between control and depletion tests (P<0. 01). In summary our results shown that acute endurance exercise increase CGRP concentration and it likely incorporates in fat oxidation pathways. Also، regarding to the result of lactate clamp test، increase in serum CGRP concentration can be attributed to elevation of blood lactate concentration.

The purpose of this study was to assess effect of eight weeks running continuous training on some oxidative enzyme response and concentration of acute phase protein after acute exercise session. Twenty sedentary healthy males were selected (Mean±SD; age: 23/95±2/50 yrs، weight: 73/85±6/46 kg، height: 174±4/75 cm) and randomly divided into equal two groups: experimental and control. At beginning، before and after one acute exercise session، blood samples were taken for evaluating serum haptogolobin (HP)، creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Then the experimental group was trained endurance running for eight weeks، 3 times per week. Initially، training started with % 60- 65 intensity of maximum heart rate reserve and took 20 minute time and finished with %85 maximum heart rate reserve intensity and took 30 minute time in last session. After eight weeks، all subjects participated in second acute exercise session and blood samples were taken again. Data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA and independent t test. Significance was indicated by P values ≤0. 05. A significant difference was observed in levels of HP serum (P=0. 035) and LDH serum (P=0. 001) in the second acute session in experimental group. Also serum HP level was significantly decreased after one acute session following eight weeks continuous running (P=0. 031). When two groups compared، a significant difference was observed in serum LDH in second acute exercise (P=0. 012). It can be concluded that eight weeks of continuous running training in sedentary healthy males cause of adaptation and decrease of generation oxidative Stress and Inflammatory indicators following acute exercise.

The aim of this research was to effects of a combined resistance and aerobic exercise program on Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and Biochemical factors serum levels relationship with renal function in type II diabetic patients. 20 patients with type two diabetes (mean age 52. 73 years، mean weight 82 kg، mean BMI 30. 51 kg/m2، mean FBS 155. 92 mg/dl) were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (N=10) or a control group (N=10). The experimental group performed thrice a week for 10 weeks of aerobic and resistance training and control group continued with their usual activities. For measuring Urea (BUN)، Creatinin (Cr) and Uric Acid (UAc) serum levels and Glomerular Filtration Rate، blood samples were obtained in 2 stages، weeks zero and ten. T-student and paired T-tests was used to compare before and after exercise training between groups. Statistical significance was assumed at P ≤ 0. 05. Blood Urea (BUN) and Creatinin (Cr) and Glomerular Filtration Rate was significantly decreased in experimental group (P≤ 0. 05); whereas this difference in these factors in control group was not significant. The Uric Acid (UAc) factor serum level in two groups was not significant. The findings of this research showed that combined resistance and aerobic exercise training causes a significant improvement in Glomerular Filtration Rate and Urea (BUN) and Creatinin (Cr) serum level in patients with type II diabetes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 6-week Incremental Interval Training (IIT) on the levels of lung HIF-1α in the maturing rat. In this study، to assess the effect of two period IIT on lung HIF-1α protein، 30 Newborn three-week old male Wistar rats (68±9 g) after one week familiarization were randomly divided into basic، IIT and control groups. Interval training program for IIT group was performed with 10 reps 1-minute and 2-minute active rest for 6 weeks. Measurement of HIF-1α was performed by ELISA kits. The results of this study showed that IIT significantly Decreased body weight and lung weight of rats were 17/8 and 42/02 percent respectively as compared with the control group. Also significantly increased (P<0. 001) observed in levels of HIF-1α between IIT group in comparison with baseline and the control group. Seems that increase in lung HIF-1α، followed by IIT، causing the pathophysiology of the lung parenchyma and thereby a negative effect on the amount of rat ventilation. Meanwhile clarify the results and the reasons for its needed more research، particularly on human samples.