نشریه رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 17 (پاییز 1393)

The aim of the present study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the questionnaire TOPS-2. For this purpose، 621 athletes (male: 285 and Female: 336) with skill various levels (Novice، Elite and None-elite) in 10 team and individual sports، were selected to complete the questionnaire، randomly. The first، correctness of translation and face validity confirmed by 3 sports psychology expert and 1 English language specialist via translation-back translation method. For determining the construct validity، confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with maximum likelihood estimation was used. Results of factor analysis showed that first model had favorable fit in practice dimension. Also، the results indicated good model fit for competition. However، a more detailed examination of the factor loadings were showed that 64 and 56 questions had values 0. 11 and 0. 27 respectively، and these values are lower than acceptable criteria (0. 3). So، these questions were deleted in the second model. The second model similar to the first model had adequate overall fit and factor loading in none of the questions were not below standard criteria we examined the third model with eliminating the distraction subscale along with deleting of 56 questionnaires from automaticity subscales. The results showed a proper fit compared to the two previous models. Also، X2 difference test indicated that this fit was significantly suitable rather than the other models. Moreover، internal consistency and reliability attained with Cranach''s alpha and ICC was acceptable.

This study has been conducted to draw the effect of warm and cold colors on depth perception in athletes. This method is a semi experimental and the sample was 72 athletes with average of 22. 88± 1. 98 years who were selected through available sampling Participants have been evaluated three times in each color by depth، color and shape perception apparatus. The average of these three times tests was used as depth perception scores of people in that color. Results of dependent t test showed that there are significant differences between the warm and cold colors in ball games (P=0. 016، df=35، t=-2. 54). But there was no significant difference between the warm and cold colors in no ball games (P>0. 05). The result showed that in yellow background، athlete''s depth perception in ball games in warm color was better than cold colors. The reason of this object maybe was that colors in orange-green- yellow spectrum have most receptors in retina. And also cold colors have more refraction than longer wavelengths. Moreover another reason that has been improved depth perception maybe was practice in perceptual skills in ball games.

The study examined correlation between balance-and-fall-related psychological and functional measures of men older adults after a combined training program. Sample include 31 healthy older adults over 60-year assigned randomly to intervention (mean age=66. 08±4. 39) or control groups (mean age=70. 14±7. 33) that 2 subjects dropped out from each group. Variables measured by 30-s Chair- Stand Test، Seat and Reach، Up and Go، ABC، FES-I. Data was analyzed by tstudent، Percent change، Pearson Correlation Coefficient، and Effect Size. Mean scores of lower extremity strength، flexibility، agility and dynamic balance، speed، static balance، fear of falling، and balance confidence improved significantly in intervention group than control group (p<0. 05). Effect of the intervention program on functional and psychological measures was not equal. Largest effect size observed in lower extremity strength، balance confidence، and static balance، respectively. The smallest effect size was observed in flexibility، fear of falling، and agility/dynamic balance. Change in lower extremity strength was significantly correlated with changed in speed (-0. 66) and change in flexibility was correlated with change in agility and speed significantly. But not significant correlations observed between functional and psychological measures changes (p≤0. 05). Correlation between changes in fear of falling and balance confidence was significant (r=-0. 66، p≤0. 05). The training program with education program was effective to improve balance-and-fall-related psychological and functional measures in men older adults.

The purpose of this study was to predict aggression in male body builders emphasizing on narcissism and body perception. This research is a descriptive – correlation that the participants were all Tabriz male bodybuilders who had regularly attending at least one sustained year and at least two days a week to the gym. Subjects of this research were 161 athletes with an average age of 24. 96±6. 528 which participated in the form of voluntary and available. The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI)، Perceived Physical Fitness Scale (PPFS) and Ahvaz Aggression Inventory (AAI) were used to collect data. Regression analysis was used to analysis data. Results of hypothesis analysis showed that the body composition، muscular conditions and be right indicated 23% of the total variation of anger in male body builders. Also the physical condition، flexibility، muscular strength، and superior are predicting 33% of the variation in terms of offensive and insulting in male body builders. Finally، physical conditions، Egoism and dominance are predicting total of 31% of the variance in their obstinacy and malice in male body builders. Finally، narcissism and body perception can be a particularly important factor in the occurrence of aggression in society.

The purpose of this study was the relationship between mechanisms of defense and emotional intelligence in elite martial arts athletes. The present study is descriptive and correlational method. In order to do this study، 317 subjects (165 female and 152 male) were selected by using systematic sampling. For providing data، subjects filled mechanisms of defense and emotional intelligence questionnaire. Data was analyzed using enter multiple regression، Pierson and t. test. In total، the results showed that mechanisms of defense and its subtitles can predict change in emotional intelligence in a way that there was negative relationship between immature mechanisms of defense with emotional control and perception and society skills while there was positive relationship between mature mechanisms of defense with emotional control and perception، society skills and optimism (P≤0. 05). Finally، the results showed that female athletes are higher than male athletes in mature mechanisms of defense and emotional intelligence.

The aim to the present project is to study the effects of associative and dissociative focus of attention and skill level on the accuracy of tennis service of volleyball under pressure. This research is a semi-experimental one which was fieldimplemented. 60 female student were selected from Azad Islamic University of Najafabad، between ages 18 to 30، whom participated in course of physical education2، and all were right-handed knowing the accurate technique of tennis service of volleyball; they participated in this research by access sampling. After identifying the trait anxiety with SCAT inventory and emitting the individuals with high and low trait anxiety، in order to match the participants، considering their levels in the pre-test، they were divided into two high and low skill level groups consisting 30 members، and each group randomly into two sub-groups (15 members each group) of associative and dissociative focus of attention. The subjects، service accuracy was measured in pressure conditions using AAHPERD test; and to make pressure condition method of figurative comparison was used. The results of agents variance analysis suggested that the effect skill level (F=1. 07، P=0. 0001)، and the interacting between attention focus and skill level، on the accuracy of tennis service in volleyball under pressure condition were signification (F=92. 51، P=0. 0001). These results indicated that the participants with low skill level in dissociative attention to exercises، and those with high associative attention to exercises، were more obstructed. These results indicated that performance under psychological pressure had been impacted on accuracy tennis service.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of error estimation and frequency of feedback in learning tasks with two different motor levels. Participants was 40 university students (mean age= 25. 7) that was not familiar with the tasks before. They were divided to 4 groups: 100% KR and 20% KR with error estimation and 100% KR and 20% KR without error estimation. Participants performed 9 trials (15×6) in acquisition and performed 15 trials in retention phase. The tasks included task A with high motor component (force-production with hand) and task B with high cognitive component (drawing triangle). Data was analyzed with ANOVA with repeated measures and ANOVA and LSD test. the results showed that all groups have progressed during training. In retention phase results show that in task a 100% KR with error estimation group had better performance and in and task B in length variable 20% KR without error estimation group had better performance. According to the results of this study، error estimate is one important variable in preparing the subject for future response and designing response hypothesis as well as increased frequency of augmented feedback (100%) can test the more response hypothesis and lead to future learning. But in tasks that including mind reinforcement، error estimate not affected in learning and in same tasks confirm rule regarding feedback reduced frequency of augmented feedback.

The present study examined the relationship between behavioral disorders with the coping strategies and emotional intelligence of student athletes attending in Mazandaran tournament. To this end، 90 adolescent athletes of the intended tournament were selected as the sample of present study. They filled up three behavioral disorders questionnaire (SDQ)، coping strategies and mouse Billings and Shute Emotional Intelligence (SSREIT). Data was analyzed by calculating the correlation and multiple regressions using SPSS software version 19. Results showed that there was a significant negative relationship between behavioral disorders and problematic coping strategies. In addition، there was a significant positive relationship between behavioral disorders and emotional-focused coping strategies (P<0. 05). Also، there is a significant negative relationship between emotional intelligence and behavioral disorders (P<0. 05). Regression analysis showed significant differences between scale scores of behavioral disorders، coping strategies and emotional intelligence (P<0. 05). In addition، among the strategies، coping based on emotion and coping based on physical addres and among emotional intelligence components social skills had a significant relationship with behavioral disorders (P<0. 05). The findings of this study showed coping strategies and emotional intelligence have the capability (ability) of meaningfully predicting behavioral disorders among young athletes. Also، coping strategies and emotional intelligence can account for (explain) some of disorders related to behaviors of young athletics.

This study surveyed predict dynamic balance body based on the characteristics of the physical education of young people. The study population was composed of male Physical Education students in Shiraz University. The sample consisted of 60 subjects who had volunteered to participate in this study. Tools of data collection were anthropometric measurements and tests of motor function. Stabilometer time of balance on this device was recorded to subjects. After measuring and recording of data (30ʺ balance task، 90ʺ rest interval). Analysis was performed with using of correlation and regression statistical methods. Results showed Anthropometric characteristics، height (r= -0. 35، P=0. 027)، weight (r=- 0. 43، P=0. 006)، and waist (r= -0. 50، P=0. 001) had significant correlation with balance task performance in determined significant level (α=0. 05). Results of this study shows that size of indexes such as waist circumference، weight and height can be used as variables for anticipating of dynamic balance، although the amounts of these variables are different.

The aim of study was to investigate relationship between coach-created motivational climate، basic psychological needs، intrinsic motivation and continued sport participation among female adolescent athletes. The study population consisted of female adolescent athletes of Tabriz city who regularly participated in various sports. For this purpose، 204 athletes randomly selected as sampling group. For gathering data، questionnaires of psychological need satisfaction in exercise scale، motivational climate scale for youth sports، sport motivation scale and intention to continued sport participation were used. Data analyzed by Pearson’s correlation and path analysis. Results indicated that taskinvolving coach motivational climate was positively related to the perceived psychological need satisfactions whereas ego-involving dimension negatively predicted perceived relatedness need satisfaction (β=0. 25، P˂0. 01). Taskinvolving motivational climate indirectly predicted intrinsic motivation (β=0. 5، P˂0. 01) and intention to continued sport participation (β=0. 13، p˂0. 01). Psychological need satisfactions predicted intrinsic motivation and intention to continued sport participation. Results from this study highlight the important role of the coach as an influencing factor on intrinsic motivation and continued sport participation in female adolescent. According to results، proposed that coaches emphasized on task-involving motivational climate.

The purpose of this study was the effect of time of training and first night of sleep on implicit (accuracy) and motor (timing) components of Timed Motor Sequences Task (TMST) enhancement. Forty-eight right-handed students (19-25 years old)، who have had adequate sleep quality، were divided into three equal groups according to Purdue hand and fingers'' fine motor skills test and simple reaction rime test. The subjects under three different practice conditions (time between the first practice session to night sleep differed) participated in TMST practice at the first day and were retested at the second day. To evaluate the enhancement of accuracy and timing components، the last 10 trials of the first day and the first 10 trials of the second day were compared. Data were analyzed using paired sample T test، Effect Size and one way analysis of variance for independent measures and a Tukey''s post-hoc test in α=0. 05 level of significance. Results showed that first night of sleep after a session of practice enhanced the timing of long and short elements of TMST (P<0. 05)، without enhancing the accuracy of these elements (P>0. 05). In addition، the condition wherein the night sleep was done immediately after the first session، had the most effect (38%) on enhancement of timing of the long and short elements in TMST. Therefore، night sleep effects on the timing component of fine skill motors compared with accuracy component and its effectiveness is subject to the time between the first training session and night sleep.

The purpose of the present study was to test differences Related to the distance effects of external focus of attention on static balance of the patients with multiple sclerosis. In This semi experimental study، 23 male patients with multiple sclerosis (M=29±7. 2) were selected purposefully. The task required participants to stand on a force platform. In the baseline condition، the participants standing on a force plate without any information. In the second intervention (near externalfocus)، intervention they focused on markers near to their feet and in the third stage of intervention (far external-focus) they focused on markers far to their body on the outside. The main phase consisted 3 of 20-s trials، with a 60-s rest interval between trials. The results of a repeated-measures revealed a significant difference between each of the three condition in the balance parameters (P<0. 05). In addition both the near external focus and far external focus condition continued to demonstrate increases in balance performance. The results indicate the better performance of the participants in the far external focus compared with near external focus.