فهرست مطالب

Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Volume:8 Issue: 4, Dec 2017

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1393/11/03
  • تعداد عناوین: 13
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  • Saman Tavakoli Pages 1-6
    Psychotherapy has long been an essential component of clinical psychiatry and many young physicians choose to train in psychiatry residency programs in order to acquire necessary knowledge and skills, and become competent psychotherapists. Recent advances in psychopharmacology and neuroscience, and growing dominance of managed care and evidence-based medicine have had dramatic impacts on health care delivery systems and clinical psychiatry practice. Despite these changes in the field of mental health, psychotherapy still remains a crucial part of clinical psychiatry and comprises a great proportion of psychiatrists’ clinical practice. Hence, accreditation agencies and regulatory bodies determine compulsory minimum requirements for psychiatry residency programs to ensure that residents, at the end of their specialty training, can demonstrate competence in managing their patients through applying different approaches of psychotherapy.
  • Comparison of Therapeutic Effects of Omega-3 and Methylphenidate (Ritalin®) in Treating Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
    Naser Dashti, Hoda Hekmat, Hamid Reza Soltani, Abolghasem Rahimdel, Mohammad Javaherchian Pages 7-11
    Objective
    Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a fixed pattern of disregard and hyperactivity that is much more severe than what is normal in children of the same age. Multiple stimulant drugs are used for the treatment of children with ADHD; however, their side effects and efficacy are not clearly known. This study was designed to evaluate and compare the therapeutic effects of two drugs, that is, omega-3 and methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin®), used to treat patients with ADHD.
    Methods
    This is a clinical trial using a parallel method performed on 85 children aged 6-12 years in Yazd city, Iran. The children were divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Thus, 29 subjects were treated with Ritalin®, 28 subjects received omega-3, and the remaining 28 received placebo. The data collection tools used in this study consisted of the Conners'' Parent Rating Scale and Teacher Rating Scale. The scores obtained from these questionnaires were analyzed using chi-square test and paired t-test in PASW Statistics.
    Results
    The average age of the population was 8.22 (± 1.65) years. Significant associations were observed between Ritalin® therapy and the changes before and after the treatment, and the omega-3 treatment and the changes before and after treatment (p < 0.001). There was no significant association between the placebo group and the changes before and after the treatment (p > 0.050).
    Conclusions
    Omega-3 has significantly impacted both groups of hyperactivity-impulsivity and combined type. Due to its effectiveness in treating these two groups of patients with ADHD, its use is recommended.
    Keywords: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) • Methylphenidate • Omega_3 • Ritalin®
  • Ashraf Akbari Dehaghi, Hossein Kaviani, Shima Tamanaeefar Pages 12-18
    Objective
    Interventions for people suffering from borderline personality disorder (BPD), such as dialectical behavior therapy, often include a problem-solving component. However, there is an absence of published studies examining the problem-solving abilities of this client group in Iran. The study compared inpatients and outpatients with BPD and a control group on problem-solving capabilities in an Iranian sample. It was hypothesized that patients with BPD would have more deficiencies in this area.
    Methods
    Fifteen patients with BPD were compared to 15 healthy participants. Means-ends problem-solving task (MEPS) was used to measure problem-solving skills in both groups.
    Results
    BPD group reported less effective strategies in solving problems as opposed to the healthy group. Compared to the control group, participants with BPD provided empirical support for the use of problem-solving interventions with people suffering from BPD.
    Conclusions
    The findings supported the idea that a problem-solving intervention can be efficiently applied either as a stand-alone therapy or in conjunction with other available psychotherapies to treat people with BPD.
    Keywords: Borderline Personality Disorder, Female, Problem Solving, Suicide
  • Fariba Kiani, Mohammad Reza Khodabakhsh Pages 19-28
    Objective
    The article arises from a research project investigating the effectiveness of safety training on changing attitudes toward safety issues. Followed by the training intervention was observed that employees’ helplessness decreased. The researchers have come to the idea of investigating how safety training can reduce perceived helplessness. Thus, this research examined the effectiveness of safety training on reducing employees’ helplessness with attention to the mediating role of attitude toward safety issues.
    Methods
    The current study was an experimental study with the control group. A total of 204 (101 experimental group and 103 control group) completed safety attitude questionnaire and perceived helplessness before a safety training course including four 90-min sessions over 4 consecutive days in Esfahan Steel Company in 2012 between October and December. Only members of the experimental group participated in this course. These questionnaires, approximately 30 days later, again were run on members of both groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive indexes, t-, and F-test.
    Results
    Results by comparing the two groups showed that safety training was effective only on individuals with perceived low helplessness (p = 0.02).
    Conclusion
    In individuals with perceived high helplessness, safety training only with changing safety attitudes can reduce the perceived helplessness.
    Keywords: Attitude, Employees, Helplessness, Safety, Training
  • Hamid Sharif Nia, Abbas Ebadi, Rebecca H. Lehto, Batool Mousavi, Hamid Peyrovi, Yiong Huak Chan Pages 29-37
    Objective
    The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of Templer Death Anxiety Scale-Extended (DAS-E) in veterans of Iran–Iraq Warfare.
    Methods
    In this cross-sectional study, 211 male veterans of Iran–Iraq Warfare completed the 51 item DASE. Principal components analysis with varimax rotation was used to assess domain structure of the DAS-E. Internal consistency reliability was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha. Test–retest reliability was assessed with intra-class correlation coefficients for absolute agreement for the individual items and domains.
    Results
    The construct validity of the scale was obtained using exploratory factor analysis that showed four factors with Eigen values of greater than 1 (1, 11 items, α = 0.83; 2, 7 items; α = 0.87; 3, 5 items, α = 0.73; and 4, 4 items, α = 0.75). Test–retest and internal consistency (total alpha) was 0.91 and 0.89, respectively.
    Conclusion
    The DAS-E demonstrated suitable validity and reliability among the veterans under study. The factor analysis demonstrated that the DAS-E has a multi-dimensional structure. With consideration of the proper psychometric characteristics, this scale can be used to further research about death anxiety in this population.
    Keywords: Death Anxiety, Reliability, Templer Death Anxiety Scale, Validity, Veteran
  • Masoud Talebi Joybari Pages 38-45
    Objective
    The aim of the present research was to determine whether depression and interpersonal problems had relationships with alexithymia and coping styles in adolescents.
    Methods
    The study population was randomly selected from all of the adolescent students in the schools of Sari in Iran; 441 adolescents (228 boys and 213 girls) were included in the study. The participants completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, and the Beck Depression Inventory. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and was expressed in means, standard deviations, and Pearson correlation coefficient.
    Results
    Alexithymia was related to depression and interpersonal problems; the adolescents who defined themselves as more alexithymic obtained higher scores in depression and interpersonal problems than the adolescents who classified themselves as less- and non-alexithymic. Furthermore, coping styles were related to depression and interpersonal problems. Regression analyses showed that both alexithymia and coping styles accounted for a unique and significant proportion of the variance in depression and interpersonal problems in adolescents.
    Keywords: Adolescents, Alexithymia, Coping Styles, Depression, Interpersonal Problems
  • Masuadeh Babakhanian, Maliheh Sadeghi, Elham Mohamadpur, Hanieh Rezazadeh Pages 46-51
    Objective
    Deliberate self-harm (DHS) is a deviant behavior that has been not completely emphasized in health-related studies in Iran. The current study was conducted to explore the prevalence and reasons associated with the incidence of DSH in patients referring to the emergency room of Baradaran-e Rezaee Hospital in Damghan, Iran.
    Methods
    Fifty-four clients with the mean age of 29.4 (±10.3) years participated in this cross-sectional study in 2010. Firstly, demographics and details of substance use were collected based on items elicited from the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and a researcher-made questionnaire. Then details of comorbidity and factors associated with the current DHS were collected by a semi-structured interview. Data were analyzed by performing descriptive methods of statistics.
    Results
    Deliberate self-poisoning with using toxic substances such as lead, and poison (44.8%) followed by drug intoxication such as opiate and methamphetamine (35.2%) and body and vessel cutting (20%) were the most prevalent types of DSH. Furthermore, results revealed that comorbidities such as physical illness (38.9%) and psychiatric disorders including depression (31.5%), psychotic symptoms (15%), bipolar disorder (5.6%), stress (5.6%), and anxiety (1.9%) were commonly prevalent. The most frequently reported factors associated with DSH were desires for self-punishing (42%), self-medication for emotional sufferings (33%), experiencing euphoric feelings (24%), and stress (20%), respectively.
    Conclusion
    DSH is one of the critical health and treatment priorities, which are prevalent in emergency rooms of hospitals in Iran. Clients with comorbid diagnosis of DSH, especially drug use warrant specific attention in emergency rooms.
    Keywords: Comorbid Disorder, Deliberate Self, Harm, Prevalence, Substance Abuse
  • Masoumeh Khosravi, Zahra Nikmanesh Pages 52-56
    Objective
    The purpose of this study was to investigate on relationship between spiritual intelligence, resilience, and perceived stress.
    Methods
    The study sample consisted of 307 students of Sistan and Baluchistan University. The Connor– Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) are used as a research instrument.
    Results
    The results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the SISRI and the CDRISC. However, there is a negative and significant relationship between the SISRI and the PSS of students. The Enter regression analysis for prediction of the CD-RISC show that the SISRI predicts 0.10 of the CD-RISC variances and also the SISRI predicts 0.11 of the PSS variances.
    Conclusion
    Spirituality helps to resilience in people who experience stress.
    Keywords: Perceived Stress, Resilience, Spiritual Intelligence
  • Imanollah Bigdeli, Azin Farzin, Siavosh Talepasand Pages 57-63
    Objective
    Memory impairment is one of the most pervasive cognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenic patients. The aim of the current study was to conduct the most comprehensive assessment of how prospective memory (PM) is affected in schizophrenia in comparison with healthy controls.
    Methods
    In this study, 30 first-episode schizophrenic patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders based on the diagnostic interview were recruited from eight regional psychiatric clinics in Iran. All participants were males (age 27-42). Moreover, 28 healthy controls were recruited from the same social-class as the patients. The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ), PM tasks, and the Virtual Week Board Game were administered. Moreover, clinical symptoms were rated using the positive and negative symptoms scale.
    Results
    The results showed that in all of the memory types, the group with dominant positive symptoms was superior to the group with dominant negative symptoms. In addition, the results showed that in all of the memory types, the control group had superiority to the schizophrenic group. The most considerable differences between groups were in time-based PM tasks, irregular event-based virtual week tasks, and retrospective tasks (PRMQ).
    Conclusion
    The current study confirmed that schizophrenic patients have severe PM deficits.
    Keywords: Prospective Memory, Retrospective Memory, Schizophrenia
  • Negar Teimourpour, Nahaleh Moshtagh Bidokhti, Abbas Pourshahbaz, Hadi Bahrami Ehsan Pages 64-69
    Objective
    To determine association between sexual desire and marital satisfaction and sex guilt among a sample of Iranian female university students.
    Methods
    The data presented here were obtained from a total of 192 married Iranian female university students who were selected via a multi-cluster sampling method from universities of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation, Tarbiat Modarres, and Islamic Azad. The subjects'' sociodemographic data, marital satisfaction (using ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire), sex guilt (using Mosher Revised Sex-Guilt Inventory), and sexual desire (using Hurlbert Index of Sexual Desire) were gathered. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis methods were used to analyse the data.
    Results
    Findings showed there are significant relationships between sexual desire and marital satisfaction (r = 0.51, p < 0.01) and also between sexual desire and sex guilt (r = -0.44, p < 0.01). Also marital satisfaction and sex guilt were able to predict 31 percent of the variance of sexual desire.
    Conclusion
    Marital satisfaction and sex guilt are two factors that significantly affect fluctuations in sexual desire of Iranian female university students.
    Keywords: Female, Marital Satisfaction, Sex Guilt, Sexual Desire, Student
  • Jamshid Ahmadi, Nahid Ahmadi, Fereshteh Soltani, Fatemeh Bayat Pages 70-73
    Objective
    The aim was to evaluate gender differences in depression scores of Iranian and German medical students.
    Methods
    Two hundred Iranian medical students (100 men and 100 women) and 200 German medical students (100 men and 100 women) were selected randomly and completed the English form of the self-rating Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).
    Results
    Analysis gave a mean rating of 10.7 ± 6.6 for Iranian men and 10.9 ± 7.81 for Iranian women (NS). Also, 5 ± 4.9 for German men and 5.6 ± 5.0 for German women (NS). On Item 2, which asked whether the person was pessimistic 33% of Iranian men and 30% of Iranian women indicated that they were pessimistic (NS). Also, 21% of German men and 20% of German women indicated that they were pessimistic (NS). On Item 9, which asked about suicidal tendencies, 9% of Iranian men and 13% of Iranian women reported as having suicidal tendencies (NS). Also, 13% of German men and 21% of German women reported as having selfharming thoughts (NS).
    Conclusion
    The present study showed no gender differences in Iranian and German medical students’ scores on the BDI.
    Keywords: Depression, Gender Differences, German, Iranian, Medical Students
  • Seyed Saeed Sadr, Seyed Mehdi Samimi Ardestani, Katayoon Razjouyan, Mahboobeh Daneshvari, Ghazal Zahed Pages 74-79
    Objective
    Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a cluster of physical and emotional changes that typically begins several days before the menstrual period that disappears quickly after menstruation. It seems that cooccurrence of depression increases the risk and severity of this syndrome. In this cross-sectional research, we evaluated an association between PMS and depression in medical students.
    Methods
    A hundred female medical students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences that were available assigned for research. They were divided into two groups after administration of demographic questionnaire and PMS questionnaire made by researchers based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition-Technical Revision; group with or without PMS diagnosis. Then, they completed Beck’s Depression Inventory.
    Results
    From 100 participants, 55% (n = 55) met the PMS criteria and 45% had no PMS. In the PMS group 30% (n = 17) had no depression; 38% (n = 21) had mild depression; 23% (n = 13) had moderate depression; and 7% (n = 4) had severe depression. In the group with no PMS 60% (n = 27) had no depression; 20% (n = 9) had mild depression; 17% (n = 8) had moderate depression; 2% (n = 1) had severe depression. The rate of depression was significantly higher in PMS group (p = 0.04).
    Conclusion
    In this research, PMS had an elevated frequency in medical students. In students with PMS, rate of depression was higher than students without PMS.
    Keywords: Depression, Medical Students, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, Premenstrual Syndrome
  • Nazila Shahmansouri, Mahmood Shirzad, Sam Zeraatiannejad Davani, Fetemeh Heidari Pages 80-82
    Atypical cases of suicide are less likely to be seen in general hospitals, nonetheless require further investigation into the precipitating factors as well as proper follow-up. This paper illustrates a 61-year-old woman with major depressive disorder who experienced auditory hallucinations during delirious periods of taking low-dose benzodiazepines, who referred to the hospital with a sewing needle stuck in her chest wall. The needle was successfully removed. Psychiatric problems are often underdiagnosed, therefore undertreated in general hospitals. Thus close monitoring of the patients during the hospitalization and after discharge is crucial.
    Keywords: Atypical Suicide, Self, Inflicted Injury, Surgery