Journal of Inflammatory Diseases
Volume:19 Issue: 1, 2015

Midazolam is one of the most commonly used benzodiazepines in anesthesia that has recently been considered as an analgesic in intrathecal block. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of adding midazolam to intrathecal bupivacaine on the pain after cesarean section. This clinical trial was conducted in 60 patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia in 2009. The patients were randomly allocated to two groups. One group received 10 mg bupivacaine plus 0. 02 mg/kg m idazolam intrathecally while other group recieved 10 mg bupivacaine plus 0. 5 ml distilled water intrathecally. The duration of anesthesia، time of the first analgesic request، and total consumption of analgesic in the first 24 hours after cesarean section were recorded. Data were analyzed using T-test، Mann Whitney U test and Wilcoxon test and chi-square test. Duration of anesthesia in the patients receiving midazolam was significantly longer than the control patients (209 min vs. 192 min). The mean time of the first analgesic request was also significantly longer in the patients receiving midazolam compared to the control patients (283 min vs. 235 min). Total analgesic consumption in 24 hours after surgery was significantly lower in the midazolam group compared to the control group (2 times vs. 2. 5 times). With regards to the results، adding 0. 02 mg/kg intrathecal midazolam to bupivacaine increased duration of anesthesia and time of the first analgesic request following cesarean section compared to bupivacaine alone.

Nowadays, helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibiotic resistance is increasing. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding garlic extract to the anti-helicobacter pylori treatment. This clinical trial was conducted in 71 patients with peptic ulcer referred to the Booali Sina hospital in Qazvin during 2012. The patients were randomly allocated to intervention (33) and control (38) groups. In control group, 1 g amoxicillin, 500mg clarithromycin and 40mg pantoprazole were administered twice daily for two weeks. In intervention group, one garlic soft gel including 500 mg garlic extract was added to the above treatment. Eradication of infection was confirmed with carbon 14 urea breath test four weeks after treatment. Eradication of H. pylori infection was successful in 53% of the patients in the control group, and 75% of the patients in the intervention group and the difference was statistically significant. With regards to the results and due to the increased infection eradication, adding the garlic extract to the treatment regimen against H. pylori infection is recommended.

There are reports of cardiovascular complications in patients with diabetes that are caused by glibenclamide. On the other hand, nitric oxide has been mentioned as an important factor in the physiology and disorders of the heart in recent studies. The aim of this study was to determine the role of nitric-oxide in cardiac effects of glibenclamide. This experimental study was conducted in 42 male rats at Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2011. Rat atria were isolated after anesthesia and were transferred to an organ bath containing oxygenated Krebs’ solution. Atrial contractions were measured using a physiograph. The samples were divided into 7 groups (n=6): Control group in which the atrial contractions were recorded without medication, Tween-80 group, L-arginin group, L-NAME group, Glibenclamide (Glb) group, Glb+L-arginin group in which the atrial contraction s were recorded in the presence of glibenclamide and L-Arginin, and Glb+L-NAME group in which the atrial contractions were recorded in the presence of glibenclamide and L-NAME. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Glibenclamide increased the amplitude of atrial contractions. L-NAME and L-arginin did not change the effect of glibenclamide. L-arginine decreased the amplitude of atrial contractions and L- NAME increased the amplitude of atrial contractions. The effect of glibenclamide is independent of nitric-oxide.

Listeria is a gram-positive bacterium and a facultative food- borne intracellular pathogen. Prf A gene regulates the expression of other genes and is important in virulence. The aim of this study was to identify Prf A gene in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food samples. This cross - sectional study was conducted in 212 different food samples collected from different cities in 2012. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated using the cold enrichment method. The Prf A gene was identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data were analyzed using Chi- square test. Of 212 samples, 41 (%19.33) were positive for Listeria spp. Of 41, 22 (%53.6) were Listeria monocytogenes, 15 (%36.5) were L. innocua, 3 (%7.3) were L. welshimri and 1 (%2.4) was L. seeligeri. The Prf A gene was found in 28.5% of L. monocytogenes isolated from vegetable samples and in 100% L. monocytogenes isolated from other samples. Confirmation of the presence of L. monocytogenes in food and the Prf A gene may be helpful to prevent diseases caused by Listeria.

The High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a noninvasive and effective technique for tumor ablation. Frequency and acoustic power are effective parameters for temperature distribution and the extent of tissue damage. The aim of this study was to optimize the frequency and acoustic power and to achieve appropriate temperature and thermal fields. This analytical study was conducted in Kermanshah, 2014. Computer simulation was performed using MATLAB software (HIFU simulator toolbox). The KZK nonlinear wave equation was used to model sound propagation. The Bio heat equation was used to calculate the transient temperature in the liver tissue. Extracorporeal transducer was assessed over a frequency range of 2, 3 and 4 MHz and a power range of 50, 100 and 150 W. In 2 MHz frequency, the temperature in the focal point reached to 44.5°C, 55°C and 75°C for 50, 100 and 150-W power, respectively. In 3 MHz frequency and the mentioned powers, the temperature reached to 47.5°C, 67°C and 94°C, respectively. The temperature reached to 45.5°C, 55 °C and 67 °C in 4 MHz frequency, respectively. 2, 3 and 4 MHz frequencies with 150-W power and 3 MHz frequency with 100-W power induced considerable extent of thermal dose. 2-MHz frequency and 150W power can lead to more thermal dose in the same exposure time. These parameters can reduce treatment period and complications in larger tumors ablation.

Syncope or loss of consciousness in the bathroom occurs commonly amongst patients, elderly, pregnant women and sometimes occurs in healthy people. Injury from fall, fractures of the skull, brain damages, and sometimes death are of disturbing complications of syncope that often happen due to unawareness of people around. The aim of this study was to design and manufacturing of the syncope detection and warning device in bathroom. This paper reports the design and manufacturing of the syncope detection and warning electrical device in bathroom that have been conducted in Biomedical Technology Incubator affiliated to Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in 2013 This device is designed for both home and hospital use. Interaction between different parts of the device results in timely detection and warning in bathroom. After syncope, it initially warns the bather. When there is no response from the bather, it warns the people around. This device has no domestic and foreign examples and can be an efficient device for installation in hospitals, nursing homes, dormitories, and homes.

Today, moving towards optimal and efficient education is essential in educational systems. This requires adaptation in educational, research and management programs with professional development, producing knowledge and the standards. The aim of this study was to develop the standards for clinical training of medical emergency diploma course. This qualitative study was performed in four steps during 2013-14. Firstly, local and foreign standards related to the clinical education and intermediate emergency medical technician (EMT) training obtained from the web. In the second step, 108 standards within 6 domains were designed in accordance to the comments of the supervisor and advisors, and 6 of officials in medical emergency centers as well as department faculties of medical emergencies. In the third step, a list of open-ended questions was sent to 14 faculty members in emergency medicine and 10 officials in medical emergency centers based on purposive sampling method to assess the quality and feasibility of standards, using the Delphi method. In the fourth step, quantitative data were analyzed by calculating indices of central tendency and dispersion and qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. According to the comments and feedbacks, all necessary changes in the standards were addressed and then the results were sent back to the experts for final review. The final version of the standards was prepared after consensus. One hundred and five standards within 6 domains were developed for clinical training of medical emergency diploma course in Iran including faculties and clinical instructors (14), students (3) educational program (25), resources and facilities (16), activities of teaching - learning (24) outputs and outcomes (23). According to the experts’ views, the majority of the final standards were important, clear, measurable, and feasible in different universities. It’s expected that operationalization of the developed standards makes clinical training of medical emergency diploma course more scientific and effective in Iran.

Migraine is one of the main reasons for primary and secondary headaches worldwide and has significant effects on patients’ life. Based on recent studies, obesity may affect the severity, frequency and duration of migraine attacks. This aim of this study was to review the literature on the association of migraine and obesity. In t his review, databases of PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Web of Science were searched using “migraine”, “headache”, “obesity” and “overweight” as keywords. Studies published between 2005 and 2014 were reviewed. Human studies in which migraine was diagnosed based on the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria were included. Articles with non-English languages and studies on headache as the main purpose were excluded. 10 articles met the inclusion criteria. In most evaluated studies, the association of obesity (BMI≥30) and morbid obesity (BMI≥35) with high frequency of migraine attacks and frequent migraine headaches was significant. This association was more significant in younger subjects and subjects under 55 years old. There was no association between obesity and migraine symptoms (severity, frequency and duration of headache) in only one study. Another study indicated that BMI≤18.5 was associated with migraine. With regards to the results, general and abdominal obesity can increase the frequency of migraine attacks; however, more studies are recommended.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare the load of microorganisms causing halitosis before and after using chlorhexidine and Irsha mouthwashes. Samples were taken from the dorsal surface of the tongue of 50 patients with halitosis by a wooden tongue blade and immediately transported to liquid thioglycollate medium. The samples were cultured in blood agar and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) then were incubated at 37°c for 48 hours. A 0.5 McFarland suspension was prepared from anaerobic bacteria and they were allowed to grow in a nutritious environment. After setting them for 48 hours in incubator again, the microbial colonies were counted. The patients were randomly assigned into two equal groups to receive either Irsha or Chlorhexidine mouthwashes. After 2 weeks, the sampling was processed using the same protocol and the colony counts were compared. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon test. Anaerobic bacteria colony counts were decreased from (4×10³-9×1015) to (10³-10¹¹) in chlorhexidine group and from (10³-7×10¹¹) to (103-1011) in Irsha group. The effect of cholorhexidine mouthwash was significantly more than Irsha mouthwash.

The aim of this cross-sectional, methodological study was to estimate the blood pressure measurement frequency for optimum reliability. The study was conducted on available d ata from the non-communicable diseases risk factors surveillance system for Hamadan Province in 2009. The sample size was 984. The reliability of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured using Intra-Class Correlation (ICC). ICC for twice measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 0.93 and 0.90, respectively. It seems that application of this method is beneficial to overcome the limitations of repeated measurements including ethical considerations and financial issues.