نشریه مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش
پیاپی 3 (بهار و تابستان1393)

Both cell proliferation and apoptosis are required forproper development of the neonatal parenchyma of the liver. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of swimming endurance training and silymarin supplementation during pregnancy on maternal cadmium – induced apoptosis in hepatocytes of neonates. 72 pregnant Wistar rats (200 ± 20 g) were divided into 9 groups. Cadmium chloride was given orally (400mg/kg in drinking water) from the first day of pregnancy. Training protocol was included 60 minutes swimming for 5 days per week during pregnancy. Silymarin (100 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously three times a week. Liver tissue was removed two days after born and apoptotic index also determined by nonradioactive in situ end labeling method using TUNEL immunocytochemical technique. The ANOVA and post hoc LSD tests were used to analyze the collected data at p≤ 0. 05. Apoptotic index of hepatocytes were decreased significantly in cadmium- silymarin and cadmium- silymarin-training groups (p < 0. 001). Swimming training caused no significant changes in apoptotic index of hepatocytes (p = 0. 83). Swimming endurance training during pregnancy probably have no effect on maternal cadmium – induced of apoptosis in hepatocytes of neonates، however، silymarin could reduce it.

Neurotrophic proteins play various roles in the brain. Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) is a neurotrophins protector of dopamine cells in the brain. The present study investigated the acute effects of running on a treadmill at three different intensities on CDNF of male rats. In this study، 32 Male Wistar rats after 7 sessions familiarization to the treadmill running، were randomly divided into two groups as control and training groups. Training group performed a session of acute exercise of different intensities. ELISA was used to measure CDNF of brain. The ANOVA and Tukey tests were applied to examine the differences of means of groups، and SPSS version 19 used to analyze the data. Acute exercise on treadmill at low (p=0. 04)، medium (p =0. 001) and high intensity (p = 0. 001) increased the levels of CDNF، but there were no significant differences between various intensities (p>0. 05). According to our findings، one session of endurance running exercise on treadmill –regardless of its intensity- leads to elevation of CDNF levels; and probably this strategy can be used to modify exercise intensity in order to optimal influence on nervous system.

The aim of this study was to determine the amount of total antioxidant capacity and hydrogen peroxide changes after an acute exercise in Wistar rats. 14 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups as control and acute exercise groups. Acute exercise intensity was set to 16 to 26 m/min for one hour، or until exhaustion on a treadmill running. Blood samples were collected 1 hour after exercise. Total antioxidant capacity and hydrogen peroxide were detected by FRAP and FOX-1 methods respectively. When the normal distribution of the data was revealed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test، it is applied independent t-test at significance level of p<0. 05. Results showed that TAC (p= 0. 002) and H2O2 (p= 0. 003) significantly increased in the acute exercise group as compared with control group. Although the level of hydrogen peroxide increased in response to the acute exercise، improved antioxidant capacity may be indicator of response of rats antioxidant system to the performed acute exercise.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between physical activity before and during pregnancy and identifying the most important period predictor of physical activity during pregnancy. 137 pregnant women participated voluntarily in the study. Information about exercise during eight and one year before pregnancy and during first، second and third trimesters of pregnancy were recorded through interview. Findings were analyzed using Pearson correlation and linear regression methods. Significant level was set at p < 0. 05. Results indicated a significant positive correlation between exercise during all periods before pregnancy and during pregnancy (p=0. 001). Moreover، one year before pregnancy was stronger predictor of exercise during pregnancy. In order to motivating women to participate in exercise during pregnancy، performing of exercise specially one year before pregnancy، is recommended.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of core stability training with Swiss ball on the balance of teenager soccer players. 30 teenager soccer players were selected and divided randomly into two control and experimental groups. The training program of experimental group was included core stability exercises for 8 weeks، 3 times per week. In first four weeks experimental group performed exercises in two sets with 5 repeats and second four weeks of 2 sets with 10 repeats. In this period، the control group only participated in the practice of soccer. The evaluation of the static balance was done by Stork test and the dynamic balance was done by Y test. After normality test of data mean distribution by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test، paired- samples t-test was used for extraction of results and significance level considered if p≤0. 05. Results showed significant differences in poster medial (p=0. 002) and poster lateral (p=0. 04) direction in the experimental group in post-test. There were no significant differences in static balance (p=0. 91) and anterior direction between pre-test and post-test (p=0. 33). According to the results of this research، the core stability exercises can be performed on teenager soccer players and children by coaches and teachers to improve balance and prevent sport injuries.

Being more obese due to reduce in physical activity has made discussing effective ways to increase children’s daily physical activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rope training on physical fitness parameters in 9-12 years old overweight/obese boys. The population of this study wereconsisted of all of the primary schools in sanandaj in 2012-2013. Using cluster sampling، 240 boys students aged 9-12 were selected based on the objectives of the study and among them 30 students were selected and divided into two groups ofexperimental and control (each group، n=15). The participants were overweight or obese. The training program was held 3 days a week for 8 weeks for the experimental group. The control group did not have any regular activity except the general physical education classes during these 8 weeks. Body composition، cardio-respiratory endurance، shoulder girdle muscle endurance and flexibility were measured as variables of this study. Collected data has been analyzed by Paired t-test and independent t-test statistical methods and significant level was set at p ≤ 0. 05. The resultd showed significant improvement in weight، body fat percent، body mass index، cardiorespiratory fitness (p<0. 0001)، waist to hip ratio (p<0. 03)، muscle endurance (p<0. 001)، and flexibility (p<0. 002) of the experimental group (but not control group). Moreover، the results indicated that it was between the two groups in favor of the experimental group، there were significant differences in all variables (p<0. 05). In general، it can be stated that interval training of roping has a significant effect on overweight or obese 9-12 year-old male students’ physical fitness.

Aim and The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between some of anthropometric variables and basic motor abilities in primary school boys aged 9 -11 years of Birjand. The population was 650 boys’ students in fourth and fifth grade in birjand city، those 129 students (9-11 years old) randomly were selected as sample group. Anthropometric measurements such as: height، weight، sitting height، shoulder width، knee height، Q angle، hand length، thigh length، foot length، heel width، the width of the front foot، thigh circumference، arms circumference، legs circumference، arms circumference were measured. Moreover، the basic motor abilities tests، including balance test، jumping test، agility test and flexibility was done. The statistical analysis was done، using the Pearson correlation coefficients between anthropometric indices and basic motor skills. The results showed significant relationship between jumping and thigh and shank girths (p≤0. 05). Moreover، the same results were found between balance test and shank girth، weight and heel width. The results also indicated the significant negative correlation between agility and height، weight، knee height، thigh height، and foot height. Generally the results suggested that the some parameters can be considered as important factor for talent selection between children and adolescent.

The aim of the current study was to compare the aerobic and anaerobic power، body mass index and fat distribution percent in athletic and non-athletics students in Islamic Azad University Kashmar branch. 30 elite athlete students (20-25 years) involving in different sports and 30 non -athlete students as control group were randomly selected. The aerobic power was measured using an ergometer، Sargent jumping test also was used to measure anaerobic power. Caliper was also used to measure percent distribution of body fat from chest، abdomen and hip regions. The body mass index (BMI) calculated by dividing weight (kg) by the square of height (meter). Independent t- test used to analyze data with a significant level at p≤ 0. 05 with SPSS software. The result of current study showed that there is no significant difference between BMI and aerobic power in athlete students and non - athlete students. However، anaerobic power of athlete students was significantly higher (p=0. 03) than non-athlete students. Conversely، percent body fat in non - athlete students was significantly greater (p=0. 001) than the athlete students. sports exercise in student career and university campus increases the anaerobic power and also decreases subcutaneous fat in athlete than non-athlete students.