مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار
سال بیست و یکم شماره 6 (پیاپی 77، بهمن 1393)

Nowadays، Job stress has been known as an important factor in reducing the level of organizational efficiency and employee’s health. The goal of this study was evaluating occupational stress components among the operating room staff of Zahedan educational hospitals. This descriptive study was conducted on 105operating room staff working in Zahedan educational hospitals in 2014. The census method was used for sampling. Needed information was collected via Osipow’s questionnaire that includes two sections. The first part is regarding personal information and the second one includes 60 questions about job stress in 6 subgroups of stress factors. Data was analyzed using SPSS (v. 15) and descriptive statistics. in this study، the mean score of job stresses among employees of operation room was 204. 40 ±21. 24 rating in the low stress range. In addition، the most participants، 58. 1%، suffered from low level stress. because that role ambiguity was the most effective job stressors، this is essential to consider and modify this factor. For this purpose، defining and determining of staff’s responsibilities is suggested to increase their job autonomy.

To implement some measures for preventing obesity and its control, awareness from the its prevalence can be effective. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of obesity and its associated demographic factors in individuals older than 30 years living in the city Friede. Methods and Materials: This is a cross-sectional study which was conducted on 1000 subjects older than 30 years in Frieden city. Simple random sampling method was used and data were collected via a questionnaire with a reliability of 81%. To evaluate the obesity index, body mass index was calculated. Data analysis was performed using spss version 16 software, chi-square test and t-test at a significance level of 5%. In this study, the prevalence of overweight was 37.5% (36.6% in males and 38% in females) and of obesity was 12.9% (7.5 in males and 16.3 in females). The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity in this study was 50.4 percent (44.2% in males and 54.3% in females). Also, Sex (P = 0.03) and education level (p = 0.01) were significantly associated with obesity. This study showed that more than 50 percent of the population over 30 years which lives in the Frieden city is suffering from overweight and obesity. Therefore, it is suggested that several plans should be implement to reduce the incidence and prevalence of the disease in this area.

Background and This study was aimed at detecting candidate protein (s) as a substrate for the drosophila gamma-carboxylase enzyme. Pro-peptide form of the candidates can be used for better gama carboxylation of proteins such as human FIX, that require gamma carboxylation for their activity. In this study nucleotide sequences of all proteins containing Gla region in human, drosophila and cone snail in the gene bank (NCBI) were used. Genomes screening was performed using the Blastn and Blastp programs. Pro-peptide and Gla region positions of all these proteins were determined using the BLAST program. In addition, other programs such as tblastn program (for predicting the presence of the same proteins), ProDom software (for finding candidate proteins containing Gla domain), PROSITE software (for detecting Drosophila proteins with similar pattern), Pfam and SMART programs (to assess the possible Gla region situation in the candidate proteins), were used. Screening of Drosophila genome data-base was not able to identify any Gla protein in Drosophila in any of fallowing consensus sequences: mammalian Gla domain, mammalian propeptide consensus sequence, mammalian propeptide pattern sequence and cone snail propeptide consensus sequence. However, screening of Drosophila database, using the propeptide sequences of individual Gla proteins in cone snail, has resulted the detection of at least 9 Gla proteins. The Number and positions of carboxylation in these candidate proteins are similar to vertebrate Gla proteins. These results provide primary data toward selection of appropriate substrate from Drosophila Gamma–carboxylase.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Elaeagnus Angustifolia extract on mouse embryonic development of Balb/c. Thirty pregnant mice were randomly divided into two groups. Control group consumed drinking water, and the experimental group during pregnancy received the aqueous extract at a dose of 500 mg/ kg. Pregnant mice were killed at 18th gestation day and fetal and placental weight and length of the crown-rump of fetuses were measured and recorded. After fixation and tissue processing, liver embryos were taken out and tissue sections were prepared. After staining with hematoxylin-eosin, histomorphometry was investigated. Then obtained results were statistically analyzed. No apparent abnormality was observed in embryos. The mean of crown-rump length of fetuses in the experimental group was not shown a significantly increased than control group. The mean of fetal weight in the experimental group was significantly decreased than control group. The mean weight of the placenta in the experimental group was significantly reduced compared to control group. In a histomorphomety analysis in the embryo liver of experimental group, with regard to the mean of size percentage of sinusoids and mean number of blood cells significantly increased in experimental group compared to control group. The mean total surface that occupied by hepatocyte and Mean number of hepatocyte nuclei significantly decreased in experimental group compared to control group. It seems prescribing aqueous extract of Elaeagnus Angustifolia at dose of 500 mg/kg to pregnant mice can cause developmental abnormalities in the fetus and placenta.

patients who are under hemodialysis also experience a lot of physical problems which can lead to a reduction in their quality of life. Peer support groups are a kind of social supports that in which peers who have similar experience present some advice to others to enhance their quality of life. This clinical trial study with two case and control groups was conducted on 55 patients treated with hemodialysis hospitalized in vasee hospital sabzevar in 1392. Participants in the case group, attended in 2 hours sessions during 8 weeks. Issue of sessions was planned based on patients’needs and interests. Research tools were demographic and the Section of Physical health status "Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form (KDQOL-SFTM)". For data analysis, descriptive statistics, independent t-test and paired t test was used. Attending in peer support group was resulted in a significant difference in physical health status between the case and control group (p< 0.0001).also, there was observed a significant difference in physical health after and before intervention(p< 0.0001). Results showed that using a peer support group can have some positive effects on promoting physical health status in patients treated with hemodialysis that finally can enhance their quality of life.

Background and Retinoblastoma is one of the most common intraocular tumors. In survival analysis where some patients have not experienced the event of interest, we prefer to use cure models. Since many of patients among those diagnosed with retinoblastoma will not require enucleation surgery, these cases assumed to be cured. In order to investigate the factors affecting eye survival, mixture cure models were utilized in present study. Methods & Materials: In this prospective study, we investigated and analyzed the eye survival of 170 pediatric patients suffering from retinoblastoma in Rasool-e-Akram Hospital during 2002 to 2007. Factors affecting eye survival were analyzed using a cure model with lognormal survival function and logit link function. There were statistically significant effects on eye survival for both tumor stage and chemotherapy in mixture cure model (P<0.001, (P<0.001), respectively. Cure rates among children diagnosed with non-advanced tumor stage, for patients who had been treated with chemotherapeutic regimens and patients who had never received chemotherapy obtained 50% and 90%, respectively. Among children diagnosed with advanced tumor stage, cure rates obtained 3% and 24% (chemotherapy vs. no treatment). Cure rates for mentioned groups were 67%, 90%, 0%, and 25% respectively using Kaplan-Meier estimator. In case of patients with long-term of survival applying a cure model is appropriate. Since in eye survival analysis among patients suffering from retinoblastoma. the assumption that all members of society maybe at risk was not considered here, Cox model can be replaced with Lognormal Mixture cure model

Background and Photon activation therapy is a radiation technique in which the energy deposition within a tumor can be increased by provoking the emission of Auger electrons emitted through photoelectric effect, through the addition of high Z elements. In this process the DNA molecules are as targets for the Auger electrons which are emitted from high Z atoms. The aim of this study is to assess dose enhancement factor for 170Tm and 125I brachytherapy sources, in photon activation therapy in presence of various activation elements in tumor, using Monte Carlo method. In present study 125I source Iso Aid Advantage (model IA1-125A) and a hypothetical 170Tm source were simulated usingMonte Carlo code MCNPX. Calculating and verifying TG-43 parameters, dose enhancement factor on the transverse axis in presence of activation elements like Pt, Ag, gold and iodine inside tumor obtained with the concentration of 7, 18 and 30 mg/ml in photon activation therapy, individually. Dose rate constant and radial dose functions for the sources were in agreement with the previous studies. Maximum dose enhancement factor obtained 4.87 which belongs to 170Tm with the concentration of 30 mg/ml. DEF for 170Tm source was more than 125I in the presence of all activation elements. In DEF point of view, using gold inside tumor can be more beneficial in photon activation therapy. Also 170Tm brachytherapy source is recommended in photon activation therapy.

Background and Development of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria motivates attempts to search for newer antimicrobial agents. In this research study, antibacterial effect of plant extract of M. communis, z.multiflora and Allium sativum on biofilm formation by strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to the antibiotic were investigated. Methods and Materials: 17 samples were separated from nose and throat of hospital and non-hospital personnels. The effect of extracts on biofilm formation by S.aureus and its resistant respect to the antibiotic were determined using a microplate96. Effect of antibacterial extracts used at different concentrations showed that, despite the relative resistance of most strains at concentrations used, the maximum sensitivity was at concentrations of 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/ml of extracts and concentration of 10 mg/ml of the extract was considered as MBC. Bacterial growth was observed only at 24 hours and no biofilm was observed at any of the extracts. Results showed that plant extracts can reduce biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and, therefore, they can play an important role in reducing disease.

Entonox which is a common agent for relieving labor pain, is often used intermittently. While, this seems that continuous method has more painless effects and is easier to use. As some challenging debates exist about fetal complications of continuous method, we decided to compare the neonatal effects of Entonoxin in two methods. This quasi experimental study was carried out on 100 women admitted for vaginal delivery in Mobini Hospital, Sabzevar, Iran,2013. Participants were divited into two equal groups. Then, labor progression and fetal conditions were registered and compared in these two groups. Statistical Analysis was performed by spss17 software, t-test and chi square test.p<0.05 was considered meaningful. FHR during labor was acceptable in both groups. Apgar score of newborns at first minute had no significant difference between two groups (p=0.3) and all neonates had an Apgar score of 10 at fifth minute in both groups. None of newborns need to hospitalization in NICU. The number of Meconium staining had no significant difference between two groups (p=0.8). Infant breastfeeding was desired in both groups. Maternal satisfaction was significantly higher in continuous method (p<0.001). This study showed that continuous method had no adverse effects on neonatal outcomes. As some mothers are interested in using Entonox continuously, it may be reasonable to set mothers free to choose the favorable method of Entonox by doing more investigations.

One of the most important steps in providing services is to identify and prioritize community health problems. This study was designed and implemented to identify and prioritize problems and, also, to determine the factors related to the problem with the highest level of priority in Divandarh district, Kurdistan province. This study was performed based on the North Carolina’s Community Health Assessment model which includes 8 steps. According to this model, the study was conducted in two phases. First, in steps 1 to 7, qualitative and quantitative methods were used to assess the community and to indentify the existing problems. In the second phase, i.e. in Step 8, a cross-sectional study was designed to determine the size of the major problem and its effective factors. Overall, 10 main problems were found in the first phase. After prioritization, unintended pregnancy was determined as the problem with the highest priority. Based on the results of the next phase, the prevalence of unintended pregnancy was 33%. This study found statistically significant relationships between unintended pregnancy and variables such as education level of spouses, residence, age, number of children, number of previous abortions and spouse's job. Based on the obtained results, intervention programs such as training women and proper counseling are necessary to prevent unintended pregnancies. Also, as part of the health team’ tasks, community assessment should be carried out in the health system with an appropriate methodology.

The analysis of household financial contribution is considered as an indicator of financial equity in health. Households facing catastrophic payments lead to household poverty. This paper tends to measure and analyse trends of health poverty of Tehran housholds during1984-2012. In this Trend study we used the statistical data on Household budgets (based on cohort data) for measuring health poverty in households with heads residing in Tehran city(Using FGt index). For analyzing data, we used STATA and Excel Software. Households with heads divided into 8 groups. The results showed that, in most age groups, both the rate and the severity of health poverty in 1999 had the highest values. Health poverty indices in the last of Forth Development Plan and ending in 2012 has been rised for all age groups. Comparing age groups, since 1994 (the end of the First Development Plan) until 2012, the result showed the highest health poverty rate being related the younger age groups (26-21 years and 31-27 years), respectively. Overall, health poverty rate was high in all age groups and is associated with large fluctuations. The high fluctuation of the health poverty index during the Development Plans show stable and consistent policy has not been developed to reduce households facing catastrophic health expenditure.

Marital Adjustment and satisfaction are one of the broadest concepts for determining and indicating the degree of happiness and stability in couple's relationship. Marital Adjustment affects on many aspects of individual and social life of people. Cognitive-behavioral treatments with couples in order to increase and enhance positive communications, training communication skills, problem solving, and conflict and changing the patterns of the thought are causing destructive. The aim of this research was to survey and compare the effect of couples group training based on cognitive-behavioral approach on marital Adjustment of Qom couples. Methods and Materials: This study is semi-empirical and used pretest-posttest with control group. The statistical sample was consisted of all self-introduced couples to Family Counseling Center of Qom in 2012-2013. Sampling method is voluntary and 60 couples randomly placed into control and experimental groups. For gathering data, demographic questionnaire and marital Adjustment measurement were used. For analyzing data, SPSS-17 software and descriptive and inferential statistical methods (ANCOVA) were used. The study results in ANCOVA analysis indicated that cognitive-behavioral approach meaningfully affected marital Adjustment dimensions (P<0/05, F= 6/48), marital satisfaction (P<0/05, F=2/98), pair correlation (P<0/05, F=3/13), pair agreement (P<0/05, F=2/96) and expressing affection (P<0/05, F=3/96). According to structural components of cognitive-behavioral approach, it can be said that this approach with enhancing communication skills and solving conflict among couples, cause to decrease dissatisfaction and increase adaptability.

when Patients with myocardial infarction are admitted to intensive care unite, they almost always would be anxious. Anxiety increases the risk of ischemia after myocardial infarction and worsens the prognosis of disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of inhaling lavender oil on anxiety levels in myocardial infarction patients admitted to Alzahra Heart Hospital, shiraz. This clinical trial study was conducted on 60 patients with a definite diagnosis of myocardial infarction who were admitted to Alzahra Heart Hospital of Shiraz in 2014. The permuted block randomization method was used. In order to this, Patients were allocated into two intervention (n=30) and control (n=30) groups randomly. In intervention group, participated inhaled the essential oil of Lavender via a non absorbent paper stained with three drops of lavender oil for three times a day and 20-30 minutes every once during three days. In another group, distilled water was used instead of lavender oil in the same way. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 11/5 with Chi-square, paired t test, and Analysis of Covariance in a significance level of. 95%. in the case group, the average of state and trait anxiety level before of intervention was 60/56±9/29 and 55/73±10/22, respectively decreasing to 41/56±7/57 and 44/53±7/28 after intervention. The average of state and trait anxiety level in control group were 56/60±10/14 and 54/13±9/17 respectively that increased to 63/30±5/19 and 59/96±7/07 in the end of the study. Statistically, the paired t test showed a significant difference in the level of anxiety before and after intervention between both groups (p<0/001). This study cleared that Inhalation of lavender oil can reduce state and trait anxiety level in patients with myocardial infarction.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of Persian version of Sensory Over-Responsivity (SensOR) inventory to use for children with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). The SensOR Inventory was translated into Persian based on the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) approach. Its face validity was determined by comments of expert occupational therapists and parents of children with ADHD. Test-retest reliability was calculated using Pearson rank correlation and internal consistency, using Cronbach's coefficient α. This results demonstrated that Cronbach's coefficient α for the overall scale was 0.861 and correlation coefficients calculated between the two times completion of the inventory (test-retest reliability) was high, (P<0/000 r=0/95). The Persian version of the SensOR Inventory has acceptable levels of face validity, test-retest reliability and internal consistency to use for children with ADHD in Iran.

Diazinon (DZN) is one of the most widely used organophosphates in agriculture. Vitamins C and E are antioxidants protecting cells from oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective role of vitamins E and C as antioxidant in reduction of DZN-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. In present experimental study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups including control group (corn oil as DZN solvent), DZN group (100 mg/kg), vitamin E group (150 mg/kg), vitamin C group (200 mg/kg), vitamin E+DZN group and vitamin C+DZN group which were given intraperitoneally. Animals were anesthetized by ether 24 hours after injectionand liver tissues were quickly removed. After tissues homogenization, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, as well as glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined by biochemical methods. The data were statistically analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc analysis using Tukey test. DZN increased SOD, CAT, LDH and GST activities and MDA level and decreased GSH content in liver. Administration of vitamins E and C inhibited the changed in these parameters. Vitamins E and C as antioxidant decrease DZN-induced oxidative stress in rat liver by scavenging free radicals but they does not protect completely.

Aniline is an important chemical compound which has wide applications in several industries such as dyestuffs, rubbers, pesticides and plastics. It is highly toxic and has injurious influences on human physical conditions and aquatic life. Therefore the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of NH4Cl-induced activated carbon (NAC) and standard activated carbon (SAC) in aniline removal from aqueous solutions were investigated. This study is of experimental–intervention type. An UV-Visible spectrophotometer (CECIL CE7400) used For determination of remaining aniline concentrations. The effect of various parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, contact time and initial aniline concentration were studied for optimization. The results showed that the prepared NAC had a higher absorption capacity than standard activated one. The maximum adsorption capacity of aniline onto SAC and NAC was 1666 and 1000 mg/g, respectively, and the rate removal was dependended to pH, contact time, aniline concentration and absorption type. Results of equilibrium experiments indicated that the adsorption process of aniline onto SAC and NAC follows Langmuir model (R 2> 0.99.47 and 0.99,776). Also, kinetics of adsorption process follows pseudo second-order model with correlation R2> 0.99.97 and 0.99,30 respectively for SAC and NAC. These consequences show that the developed NAC was a more competent adsorbent than SAS for removal aniline in water.

Shigellosis is an acute intestinal infection from Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxin, which is caused by Shigella and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and entrotoxinogenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). The disease has a high prevalence rates in the world and is known as a bioterrorist agent. STxB is a part of Shiga toxin and have the property of immunogenicity. In this experimental study, the vector pET28a (+) containing the stxB gene was used and was transformed into E. coli BL21 DE3. The bacteria were grown on antibiotic medium and were confirmed with direct PCR, protein expression and SDS-PAGE gel. The recombinant protein purified by nickel column and was confirmed with SDS-PAGE gel and immunoblotting. The chitosan nanofibers containing STxB protein were synthesized by the electrospinning device. The Intranasal and injectable prescription of STxB protein and nanofibers containing STxB protein were performed in mice for four consecutive times and their Antibody titer were assessed. By ELISA, increased IgG antibody titers were observed in injectable and nasal view mode, which may not capture antigen by nasal epithelial cells in mice. By ELISA, The increase in IgG antibody titers was observed in injectable and intranasal states but not in naonnasal one, which may be due to the lack of antigen captured by nasal epithelial cells in mice. Immunized mice were able to tolerate five times of the Shiga toxin LD50 of E. coli O157: H7. The results of this study indicate that with nasal and injection prescribed of STxB protein, the immunized mice can tolerate E. coli O157: H7 Shiga toxin.

Background and Mechanical tension induced by resistance exercise can stimulate tension-sensitive cytoskeletal proteins. Also, resistance exercise can induce inflammatory factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the changes of inflammatory and hypertrophic markers and their association with a single bout of resistance exercise in male rats. Twelve male Wistar rats, three months of age, were randomly assigned into control and experimental groups. Resistance exercise protocol (to climb up a one-meter ladder, 3 sets, 10 repetitions in each set, at 50%, 75% and 100% of their own body weight) was performed. The control group did not perform any exercise activity. Twelve hours after the last session of exercise, rats (both control and experimental) were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine/xylazine. Blood samples were taken directly from the heart; their Soleus muscles were extracted. Vinculin levels in muscle tissue after homogenation and IL-17 levels in sera were measured using ELISA method. Creatine kinase levels were measured by enzymatic colorimetric methods. Independent t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. A significance level of α= 0.05 was considered. There was no significant diferences between control and experimental groups in vinculin, IL-17 and creatine kinase levels (p>0.05). Nevertheless, there was a significant negative corrolation between vinculin and IL-17 (r=-0.93, p=0.01). A single bout of resistance training can lead to a change in vinculin, IL-17 and creatine kinase levels. Interaction between inflammatory and hypertrophic markers (especially vinculin and IL-17) probably has a role in adaptations induced by resistance training.

Diabetes mellitus is accompanied with higher incidence of cardiovascular disorders. Due to antioxidant activity of the flavonoid myricetin, this study was conducted to evaluate its effect on contractile and relaxation response of thoracic aorta in diabetic rats and to determine the role of oxidative stress. In this experimental study, male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, i.e. control, myricetin-treated control (1 mg/kg), diabetic, and myricetin-treated diabetic groups (1 mg/kg). Myricetin was daily administered (i.p.) ten days after streptozotocin injection for 3 weeks. At the end of study, contractile reactivity of thoracic aortic rings to KCl and phenylephrine and relaxation response to acetylcholine was determined using isolated tissue setup. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite were assessed in aortic tissue. Myricetin -treated diabetic group showed a non-significantly lower maximum contraction to KCl and a significantly lower maximum contraction to phenylephrine (p<0.05) as compared to diabetic group. Meanwhile, maximum relaxation response of rings to acetylcholine was significantly higher in myricetin-treated diabetic group as compared to diabetics (p<0.05). In addition, there was also a lower contractile response to PE in myricetin-treaded control and a higher relaxation response for myricetin-treated control group versus controls (p<0.05). In addition, significant reduction of MDA and nitrite (p<0.05) were observed in treated-diabetic rats. Administration of myricetin could decrease contractile response to PE and enhance relaxation response in aortic tissue of diabetic rat and this may be beneficial in prevention of long-term vascular complications of diabetes and part of its effect is via reducing oxidative stress.

providing care of patient with Alzheimer disease in long term associates with an increase in physical and mental health problems for caregivers. The study purpose was to assess the relationship between general health and burden in women as caregivers of patient with Alzheimer disease. In this cross sectional and study, 150 women who had 18-60 years old and were the first-degree relatives of elderly patient with Alzheimer and also being direct caregivers for at least six months were selected through the convenience method. The data were collected using general health and burden questionnaire and then analyzed using by SPSS 16 and some tests like independent T-test, ANOVA and Regression analysis with Pvalu of. 05. The results indicated that 38% of caregivers were in a range age of 51-60 years old. In addition, 75.3% of theme were married and 72.7% had moderate economic status, 82% were house holder, 65.3% of them had diploma education, and 66% were elder’s daughter and took care of their old patients for 6-12 months. Results showed that 24% of participants were in a good level of general health and 62% experienced a high level of burden. Pearson’s correlation coefficient created a significant negative correlation between general health and burden (P≤0/000,r= 0/661). According to the correlation between level of general health and burden in this study, health level of care providers is an important health problem requiring to receiving attention from healthy services and professions as a priority in health caring.

Background and Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disorder which leads to an increase in casualties caused by cardiovascular disease (CVD). Adipocytokines and hs-CRP play a main role in pathophysiology of RA and CVD. Soy foods and phytoestrogens have anti-inflammatory properties. So, this study was designed to determine the effects of soy milk consumption comparing with cow’s milk consumption on anthropometric indicators, blood pressure (BP), hs-CRP, adiponectin and leptin among patients suffering from RA. This randomized, crossover clinical trial was conducted on 30 patients. This study had two intervention periods, each lasted 4-weeks. Subjects were divided in two groups of consuming soy milk (one glass per day) and cow's milk (one glass per day). The wash‐out period was two weeks. Variables were measured before and after of each intervention. Soy milk consumption resulted a significant reduction in hs-CRP levels (percent change: -13.81±5.39 vs. 9.21±6.33%; P˂0.008). Serum levels of adiponectin decreased in soy milk group (baseline: 38.39±2, end: 30.71±1.9; P˂0.01). However, this reduction was not significant comparing with cow’s milk (p=0.096). We have not seen any significant differences in leptin levels, weight and BP between two interventional periods (p˃0.05). Soy milk consumption for 4 weeks could decrease serum levels of hs-CRP, and had no significant effects on other variables in patients suffering fromRA.

The purpose of this study was to compare the executive functions (EF) such as: organizing, planning and inhibition and theory of mind (ToM) in students with math disorder (MD) and ordinary students and surveying the relationship between EF and ToM. The present study was a cross-sectional analysis. The statistical sample composed of the boys and girls students of primary schools in Tehran in 2012. Twenty ordinary elementary students (7/2=m age) with Twenty mathematics disorder elementary students were chosen which are based on the criteria of American Psychiatric Association. Then their executive functions and theory of mind were analyzed, and the results were compared. For gathering data neurological and psychological tests, standard diagnostic test with coolige (2002) and test of intelligence Raven and theory of mind are used. The data were analyzed with independent t test and Pearson correlation with Spss software (version11). Executive function performance in mathematics disorder students had difference with ordinary students in organizing (t=2/42), determination - planning (t=2/61) and inhibition (t=2/10). Students with mathematics disorder were weaker than ordinary students in emotional recognition (t=2/61), understanding wrong belief (t=2/21) and understanding joke (t=2/09). The test of executive function and theory of mind had a high correlation (r=+ 0/61). This study shows that students with mathematics disorder compared with normal students have problems in executive functions and theory of mind.

Aerobic training can be affected in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) which is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women. However, it's worth saying that different intensities of aerobic exercises for curing the disease is in ambiguous. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks aerobic training with different intensities on levels of insulin, fasting glucose and insulin resistance in female rats with polycystic ovary syndrome. In this experimental study, forty adult eight-week rats with Wistar race (185±22 gr) after induction of PCOS, divided into four groups: healthy control, polycystic control, low-and moderate-intensity groups. They took part in eight-week program of aerobic exercise with 45% maximal oxygen consumption (equal 15m/min speed) and 65% maximal oxygen consumption (equal 25m/min speed), within three days a week for two period of 35 minutes with 10 min rest between periods. Data were collected and analyzed by Spss software (version16.0). One way analysis of variance test (ANOVA) was used for comparisons between groups. The level of significance was considered 0.05. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the level of insulin and glucose in any groups. Insulin resistance in polycystic moderate intensity group compared to control PCOS group had a significant reduction (p=0.035). According to the results, it seems that aerobic exercise with moderate intensity and with reduction of insulin resistance can be considered as a non-pharmacological treatment method for recovery polycystic ovary syndrome patients.

Pain is the most important complication following tonsillectomy and pharyngeal palatine tonsil, and coupled palatine tonsils and throat. There isno enough investigation about antibiotic therapy on this complication. Furthermore, as there is no agreement in the use of antibiotic on pain complication, this investigation designed for finding of the efficacy of antibiotic therapy on pain complication consequent of tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy and its severity. Method and Materials: This randomized clinical trial (RCT) study was carried out on 138 patients who were candidate for tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy. The patients according to systematic randomized divided into two equal groups; the first group as the intervention, received antibiotic and the other as the comparison received no antibiotic. Both the groups were compared in the variables such as: throat and ear pains, their severity, and patient's need to analgesic drugs after tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 13 and using chi-square, Fisher and Man-Withny tests and α<0.05 considered significant statically. Our finding showed that the mean and standard deviation of severity of the pain were 2.72 ± 0.95 and 2.54 ± 0.83 in intervention and comparison groups respectively and in comparing there is no observed significant difference (p= 0.29). In comparing the other of all variables there is no observed significant difference statically. Considering the results originated from our study it may be concluded that the use of antibiotic or not using, has no effect on the pain complication and its severity consequent of the tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy.

Leishmaniasis is a major infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genusLeishmania.Despite of many efforts have been madeno effective vaccineagainst Leishmania infectionhas been approved yet.The major advantage of DNAvaccine isto induce the expression of antigens, which are unaltered in their protein structure and antigenicity. In this study, in order to increase immunity, thecandidate DNA vaccine has been supplemented with nano-adjuvant and its immunogenicity was tested on BALB/c rats. Considering other studies that have demonstratedLeishmania TSA protein is antigenic in both murine and human systems, in this study a new nanovaccinecontaining TSA recombinant plasmid and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles (as an adjuvant) was designed. After three intramuscular injection of nanovaccine (100 µg),the recombinant TSA protein(20 µg) was injected subcutaneously.3 weeks later,animal were infected by Leishmania major.Finally lymphocyte proliferation and cellular immune responses (IFN-γ,IL-4 prodution) were evaluated byusinigBrdu and ELISA methods. Theresultsof this study showed that the new nanovaccine was capable of inducing both cytokines secretion,but predominant Th1 immune response characterized by IFN-γ production compared to control groups. Results revealed that, current candidate nanovaccine has potency for future studies to prepare vaccine against Leishmania.

The purpose of this study was surveying the trends of nitrate variations in drinking water of rural areas of Qom province and its mapping using GIS software. This study was of descriptive cross-sectional type. The collected data related to nitrate concentrations during years 2006-2011 were acquired from Qom Province Rural Water and Wastewater Company. During the year 2012, 73 wells were tested via two sampling runs; one sampling set performed in wet season and the other one carried out in the dry season. Nitrate concentrations were determined spectrophotometric ally. The Chi-squared test and segmented regression model were used for data analysis. Four software’s, namely, Excel-2007, SPSS-16 and Joinpoint-4.1, were used for data mapping and analysis. The average nitrate concentration during 2006-2012 period was 23.12 mg/L with the standard deviation of 18.68 mg/L. 7.5% and 4.9% of the surveyed wells were “at risk” and “contaminated”, respectively. Regression results indicated a lack of sufficient statistical evidence to accept an increasing trend of nitrate during the study period (P value=0.85). There was no significant difference in the contamination averages between the results of two sample sets which were taken during each year. During the beginning of 2006 to the beginning of 2013, an increasing trend of nitrate concentration was observed in the contaminated wells. In the majority of monitored wells, the nitrate concentration was in the standard range. In the “at risk” wells and also in the others, the concentrations were beyond the standard levels. Therefore, Management approaches should be applied to avoid the nitrate penetration into the aquifers.