مجله پژوهش های کاربردی روانشناختی
سال پنجم شماره 1 (بهار 1393)

The aim of this study was to compare early maladaptive schemas and dysfunctional attitudes in drug-dependent and normal individuals. Study design was a causalcomparative study. The study population were addict patients refered to the addiction clinics in Kermanshah city within the first 3 months of the year 1391. The sample included 75 drugdependent patients and 75 normal subjects. Drug-dependent individuals were selected by cluster random sampling and normal individuals were matched with study group according to age, marital status and educational level. For data collection, the short form of the Young Schema Questionnaire (SF-YSQ) and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) were used. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the research data. The result of the study showed that both groups of drug-dependent and normal individuals had significant difference in all maladaptive schemas except the sacrifice schema. Also, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the dysfunctional attitudes. It can be concluded that the early maladaptive schemas and dysfunctional attitudes are the determining factors in tendency towards substance abuse.

One of the most important issues in educational psychology is school engagement and academic achievement among students. Based on self system model, a set of contextual factors (relations with teachers like perceived autonomy, structure, and involvement) through personal psychological characteristics (autonomy, relatedness, competence) is related to school engagement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of basic psychological needs on the relationship between student’s perceptions of the teacher–students relations, and school engagement. For this reason 1200 high school students, who were selected through cluster random sampling from Kermanshah city, completed a survey consisted of researcher-made scale of student’s perceptions of teachers-student relationship(support of autonomy, involvement, and structure), student’s basic psychological needs(autonomy, competence, relatedness), and school engagement(behavioral and emotional engagement). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. In general, the results indicated that basic psychological needs mediated the relation between teacher–student relationships and school engagement. Data also suggested that need for autonomy has more effect on school engagement than need for relatedness and competence. Based on the results, we concluded that the basic psychological needs must be considered as an important variable in classroom.

It is used in educational settings in teaching mathematics and reading instruction. The present study examined the impact of Direct Instruction program on learning math concepts (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) in children with mathematics disorder. To fulfill the stated goal three students who were referred to Malmir’s learning disability research center in Yazd city were selected as subjects and the following instruments were administered on them: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Revised (WISC-R), tests of mathematical concepts that was developed and validated by researcher and personal records of participants. Data were collected by using a single subject research design during baseline and intervention phases. After collecting the data on baseline conditions, a DI program based on the content of math books in elementary school was designed and implemented on all three students. Results showed that Direct Instruction program was effective in improving all four math concepts (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) in all three students. All three students were reached the criterion level that was established in advance. Theoretical implication and practical application of the research have been discussed in the original paper.

The aim of this study was to compare early maladaptive schemas and dysfunctional attitudes in drug-dependent and normal individuals. Design of the Study was a causalcomparative study. Population of The current study were addict patients refered to the addiction clinics in Kermanshah city within the first three months of the year 1391. The sample included 75 drug-dependent patients and 75 normal subjects. Drug-dependent individuals were selected by the cluster random sampling and normal individuals were matched with study group according to age, marital status and educational level. For data collection, the short form of the Young Schema Questionnaire (SFYSQ) and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) were used. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the research data. The result of the study showed that both groups of drug-dependent and normal individuals had significant difference in all maladaptive schemas except the sacrifice schema. Also, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the dysfunctional attitudes. It can be concluded that the early maladaptive schemas and dysfunctional attitudes are the determining factors in tendency towards substance abuse.

The aim of this study was to examine Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms, autobiographical remembering and executive control in individuals with HIV and in those of Carers with HIV. For different groups of subjects including (1) people with HIV (n = 30), healthy controls 1 (n = 27), Carers of those with HIV (n=26), and healthy controls 2 (n= 26) participated in the study. All subjects completed the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Beck’s Depression Inventory-II, Autobiographical Memory Interview, Autobiographical Memory Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Tower of London.The results indicated higher PTSD, depression and anxiety symptoms among the HIV group. The findings also showed that those with HIV had lower levels of executive functioning, deficits in autobiographical remembering (semantic and episodic) and retrieved less specific autobiographical memories. Regarding to carer of HIV people, the results indicated higher depression and anxiety among the Carers group, but they did not differ in terms of executive functioning or semantic recollection with healthy controls.The findings are discussed in terms of the role of the self and processes involved in non-specific retrieval of autobiographical material in relation to HIV.

The aim of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of group training of life skills on adolescents’.self-regulatory behavior. The study used Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The population was composed of male first grade junior high school students in the city of Boroujen selected byrandom sampling. The sample group consisted of 24 students, who were randomly assignedin two experimental and control groups (12 in eachgroup).The experimental group attended in 11 sessions of life skills training while the control group did not receive any training. Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ) was applied as research instrument. Data analysis was conducted using covariance analysis as well as independent groups t test. The results suggest that group training of life skills has a significant positive influence on self-regulation of behavior and its components. In other words, subsequent to attending training sessions, experimental group exhibited higher scores, compared to control group, regarding the total scores ofselfregulation of behavior and all components of self- regulation, namely receiving relevant information, evaluating the information and comparing it to norms, triggering change, searching for options, formulating a plan, implementing the plan and assessing the plan’s effectiveness(p<0.05).

The multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of CNS leads to some dysfunctions including cognitive (working memory), mood (depression) and fatigue. In spite of previous investigations in working memory impairment in patients with MS, there is scare evidences for working memory dysfunction in mild disabled MS patients (EDSS<3.5). Moreover the correlation between working memory and depression and fatigue was the other aim of the present study. 25 patients with RR-MS (with EDSS<3.5) was recruited by a neurologist according to the Mc Donald criteria and then 27 age-, gender-, and education-matched healthy controls participants were selected. After completing of Beck depression Inventory and fatigue severity scale, PASAT was performed by both groups. The patients with MS had significantly higher level of depression symptoms and fatigue and lower scores of PASAT than healthy controls. The PASAT performance in patients with MS was no significant correlation with their depression and fatigue. In addition to more depressive symptoms and fatigue, impairment of working memory was seen in patients with MS. But their dysfunction of working memory was not related to their depression or fatigue.