نشریه جستارهای نوین ادبی
سال چهل و هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 185، تابستان 1393)

Houshang، second mythical king of Iran، is introduced as Pishdad in historical texts. He had the most important duties such as collecting water in ponds، ordering to hunt wild animals، clothes making، carpeting using animal''s Skin، and encouraging people to agriculture. Arabic historical texts are written in the early Islamic centuries narrating the stories of Persian kings. They were derived from Khodaynameh and then translated. Ferdowsi in Shahnameh has introduced Houshang as the second Persian king and has written on his actions. The analysis and comparison with other narratives based on the hypertextuality not only reveals the origins of these texts، but also shows the differences in narrative texts representing the fact that the texts have used Various versions of Khodaynameh. source of Ferdowsi and tha''alibi was not a common and work of tha''alibi is hypertext that history of tabari is its hypotext.

Nezami’s narratives-in-verse are of high importance for their monumental and eminent characters. This study intends to analyze the methods applied by Nezami while characterization. Accordingly، three of his fictional characters are chosen to be studied، including: Khosrow، Bahram and Alexander who are all alike in the case of being kings. According to this study which has applied descriptive and statistical methods، it is shown that Nezami، unlike the many classic story-tellers، has utilized the indirect presentation much more than the direct definition and his own methods of characterization has a direct correlation with the temper and moods of his characters. Nezami had a constant progress in the field of characterization and his most perfect characterization can be found in Sharafname.