مجله زنان مامائی و نازائی ایران
سال هفدهم شماره 131 (هفته اول بهمن 1393)

Caesarean section is one the most common gynecologic procedures. Pain after cesarean has adverse effects on different organs of the body. To reduce pain after cesarean، different methods are used. This study was performed aimed to compare the effects of diclofenac suppositories with intravenous tramadol on pain after cesarean section. This double-blind clinical trial was conducted in 2007 on 66 women who were volunteers for cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. They were randomly assigned to one of the treatment groups of 100 mg tramadol injection، receiving 100 mg diclofenac suppository and receiving a combination of two drugs. After caesarean section، the patients were checked in terms of pain severity each one hour and with the onset of pain as grade 2، they were placed in one of the studied groups and then again the pain was evaluated each one hour. Demographic data and results of the study were collected in the questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software (version 16) and student t-test، Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests، ANOVA and chi-square test. P<0. 05 was considered significant. The mean duration of analgesia from the time of lenitive injection was 134. 7 min in tramadol group، 386. 3 min in diclofenac group and 453. 2 min in combination of these two drugs that this time was significantly lower in tramadol group than diclofenac and combination of two drugs (P<0. 015، P<0. 000). The duration of analgesia in the group of combination of tramadol and diclofenac was 66. 8 min more than diclofenac suppository alone that was not statistically significant (P<0. 746). With regard to the acceptable duration of analgesia after cesarean section، it is recommended that diclofenac suppository which is a non-invasive، inexpensive، easy and without opioids complications be used instead of tramadol injection.

Premenstrual syndrome includes physical، cognitive، and behavioral changes and is one of the most common disorders of reproductive age which causes disruption in women''s function. So، applying inexpensive and effective methods is necessary to relieve or improve the symptoms. This study was performed with the aim to assess the efficacy of emotional disclosure on premenstrual syndrome.

This is a quasi-experimental، pretest-posttest study with case and control group which was performed on 30 girl student with premenstrual syndrome living in the dormitories of Kermanshah Razi University. The subject were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed 4 to 5 half hour sessions of written emotional disclosure during two weeks and the control group with same amount performed writing about the issues with less emotional dimension. Then، posttest was performed in both groups. Data were analyzed by covariance test. P

According to the results of covariance test، written emotional disclosure significantly decreased total score of premenstrual syndrome in the experimental group than the control group in posttest (P<0. 003).

Emotional disclosure is effective in decreasing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.

Lifestyle is as an important factor influencing on the health. Each society''s health and development is based on women''s health، and pregnancy and delivery have important effects on women''s health and hygiene; and it is considered as an important scale of national health. Therefore، this study was performed with the aim to evaluate lifestyle and its relation with pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women referred to Tabriz Teaching hospitals. This correlation- descriptive study was performed on 385 pregnant women referred to Alzahra and Taleghani hospitals in Tabriz in 2009. The subjects were selected by accessible method. Data collection was performed by a questionnaire consisted of 3 sections of demographic and social characteristic، lifestyle and pregnancy outcomes. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 11) and statistical tests of ANOVA، Pearson Correlation and T-tests. According to theresults of the study، 172 pregnant women (44. 7%) had moderate lifestyle and 213 (55. 3%) had good lifestyle that weak situation was observed only in dimension of exercise and in other dimensions، the good situation was observed. There was significant relation between lifestyle and newborn''s weight (P=0. 006). According to the result of Pearson Correlation test، there was significant relation between exercise and gestational age (r=0. 1، P=0. 046)، and also between nutrition and newborn''s weight and gestational age by turn (P=0. 005، P=0. 033، respectively). According to the results of study based on weak situation in exercise dimension and moderate situation of lifestyle، teaching healthy lifestyle during pregnancy by health care-givers is recommended for increasing the women''s health during pregnancy and improving pregnancy outcomes.