پژوهشنامه خراسان بزرگ
پیاپی 12 (پاییز 1392)

Historical city of Esfarayen (Belgheys city) has been lacated in 3 Km South-western Esfarayen between main-road old of Jurjan- Nishpur. on the base of Archaeological studies, Social life of city have contained from Sasanids era until late of safavid period. The glory of time in this city related to Islamic medieval centuries. This city enlarged more then 180 hectare and formed two parts such as Ark and Sharistan. Ark area contains extension 51000M, approximately which it were protected by 29 forts. Sharistan have 175 Hectare and architecture remains. According to historical texts and archaeological evidences, public buildings like this Bazaar, Bath, Mosque and Caravansary have been determined in Sharistan area that it have recognized location and situation on based of Archaeological studies. Due to archaeological excavations of historical city of Belgheys, discovered water storage remains in southern side of Sharistan consist of doorway, stairs and tank. This article tried to answer under questions:1)What’s architecture structure of water storage from archaeological excavations of Belgheys historical city?2)What’s reasons location of water storage in outside Sharistan area?3)What’s supply techniques water and air-conditioners of water storage city?In this research attempted to descriptive- analytic approach have studied architecture structure of water storage from historical city of Belgheys by archaeological evidences and historical texts.

Khorasan in the fifth and sixth centuries had particular religious composition. Religious disputes and conflicts between different faiths are the main characteristics of this period. Ghaznavid bias toward sunni caused severe crackdown against the shia. Religious policies of Seljuk rule had a great impact on the escalation of sectarian strife. Sectarian bias of Amid al molk Kondori and Khaje Nezam al Molk Toosi led to fierce competition between the Hanafi and Shafi’i. The Ghoz invasion to Khorasan caused severe devastation and destruction. Following this attack broke out heavy fighting of sectarian. Ismailis in different cities had a strong influence and always had intense political conflicts with the Seljuks. Also afew Zaidi lived in Khorasan. Christian and Jewish faiths lived in Khorasan on a limited basis and had certain worship centers.

Touran was mentioned In Avesta (Zoroastrian holy book) and some other Pahlavi books as apart of Aryans mother land. Shahnameh is full of stories about Iranian confrontation as well as interaction with other nations including Touranian..Writing this essay, I try to do a survey on Touran rough geographical boundaries, its people race and origine, dwellers customs and conventions and especially their relationship with Iranians.

Borders are lines that separate a single composed political unit, or a country, from other adjacent units. The main function of borders becomes clear in the interaction of its surrounding countries and these mutual effects cause the countries in the two sides of the border to show special behavior toward each other.According to these points, the security geography of eastern borders of Iran is increasingly influenced by two neighboring countries, Afghanistan and Pakistan that each of them has special problems and issues that influence on the security of the eastern borders of Iran in the regional and national aspects.Aspects of threats and insecurity along the eastern borders of Iran include: narcotic drugs, terrorism, immigration and refugees and homeless of Afghanistan, insecurity development into Iran and religious movement. In the meantime narcotic drugs and its transit has great and special importance because of its proximity to the axis of golden crescent as the producer of 80% of opium in the world, locating in the way of origin (Afghanistan and Pakistan) and destination (Turkey and Europe) of this ominous business, financial turnover of thousands milliard in the world and three milliard dollars in Iran and devastating effects in the villages and region of the borders and also inside the country and imposing huge cost on the nation.This paper with analytic-descriptive methods and by using library resources and documents is searching for drawing the eastern borders of Iran, aspects of threats and insecurity along the mentioned borders with the emphasis on narcotic drugs as the most important case of threat and insecurity, and explaining the facts and geographical capacity of Iran for its transiting through the way of this country.

Civilization is a common way of life, thought and human action and containing general conformance with the requirements of the recipient’s economic or geographic environment and common organization to quench the social and political needs of environment and a common set of ideas and achievements. Therefore, the knowledge about the culture and civilization is necessary in order to identity and as a starting point for understanding the history of social change. The aim of the present study is to identify and explore the history, culture and civilization of the territory Transoxiana as one of the important Regions and influencing the political, social, cultural, economic and other cities in the Greater Khorasan region, since, this research is based on descriptive - analytical methods and as a library and documentary study. In this regard, articles, books, and internal and external documentary researches relating to the subject are used in order to achieve the aim of the study. Historical evidences indicates that the Transoxiana was as a buffer area between the prosperous, thriving and populous towns of eastern Iran and Non-agricultural and arid plainsand nomadic tribes’ fielders of Central Asia and rooted and ancient civilizations of China on the other hand. Research findings indicate that over thousand of years, people of Khorasan and Transoxiana acted as a language of science and literature covered a wide area of official language. Despite various constraints such as wars and migrations due to its, tendency to the Quranic teachings and love to Islamic culture and spreading Islamic sciences, welcomed scholars of the cities of Khorasan, especially in Transoxania. On the other hand, came out of Turkish to the cities of Iran, undermind and unstabled political and geographic boundaries of East Iran. So that in the period of the Ghaznavid Empire the first influencing and cracks appeared in Khorasan.

Establishment, development and spatial distribution pattern of archaeological sites and geographic conditions is primarily a function of several factors such as geographical location, altitude, climate, soil, vegetation, and proximity to the terrain, such as mountains, plains, rivers, plains, etc. play a decisive role in shaping the emergence and prosperity of their area And so each of them and determine their role in the expansion and development has contributed. For example, rivers were considered the major source of water supply in various areas related to geography The various methods used have been also The role and influence of the geographical environment on the formation and development of civilizations from ancient times is essential. So, if the great civilizations such as Persia, Mesopotamia and Egypt, and so we look at the role and nature of the development of the great civilizations.This study attempts to influence environmental factors and their role in shaping the environment in graves Parthians in southern Makran region (Chabahar & Nikshahr city) in Sistan and Baluchestan Province has been studied. To this point, the study area was investigated in a systematic archaeological Survey. This study has identified a large number of ancient sites, cemeteries, the Parthian period (Parthian) has been the basis of this study form the basis of research. With Archaeological and environmental study of the Makran region of southern Balochistan, the theory is expected The stone which the cemetery belonged to the Parthian era, are located adjacent to or near the water and the rocks are in the range And that is a nomadic settlement. Considering that graves are in the same environmental conditions, it can be concluded that the climate and environment has had a significant role in the burial practices.