نشریه بوم شناسی کشاورزی
سال ششم شماره 3 (پاییز 1393)

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of single and combined application of organic، biological and chemical fertilizers on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of vegetative part of coriander، (Coriandrum sativum L.). The experiment was carried out as split plot in time based on Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications and 12 treatments at Research Station، Faculty of Agriculture، Ferdowsi University of Mashhad، Iran، during growing season of 2010-2011. Treatments included: (1) mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae)، (2) biosulfur (Thiobacillus sp.)، (3) chemical fertilizer (NPK)، (4) cow manure، (5) vermicompost، (6) mycorrhiza + chemical fertilizer، (7) mycorrhiza + cow manure، (8) mycorrhiza + vermicompost، (9) biosulfur + chemical fertilizer، (10) biosulfur + cow manure، (11) biosulfur + vermicompost and (12) control. Vegetative parts of coriander were cut at 5% of flowering stage in two dates (19 May and 5 June). Results showed that the highest plant height (28 cm) and lateral branches (5. 2) were obtained in combined application of biosulfur with cow manure treatment. The highest fresh and dry leaf weight، fresh and dry matter yield and stem dry matter weight were obtained in single application of chemical fertilizer. Single application of biosulfur increased leaf/stem ratio. The highest essential oil percentage and essential oil yield were observed in cow manure treatment (0. 2% and 1753 g. ha-1، respectively). The maximum leaf/stem ratio were observed in the first cutting، while the highest lateral branches، stem fresh and dry matter yield، essential oil percentage and essential oil yield were obtained in second cut. Overall، results of this study showed that the plant vegetative yield increased by using chemical fertilizer، while essential oil percentage and essential oil yield of coriander were improved by using organic and biological fertilizers.

In order to examine the multi-species weed competition in corn field an experiment as an interval mapping was carried out at the Agricultural Research field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during growing season 2009-2010. At 3-4 leafy stages of corn، 20 non-destructive quadrates determine and the density of weeds was counted separately. At the same time، 20 destructive quadrates determine and in addition of counting number of plants، leaf area index and dry weight of each species were recorded separately. By using data from previous section، hyperbolic functions were fitted. In these functions number of species serve as the independent variable، weight or leaf area was considered as the dependent variable. With the help of these functions and leaf dry weight of each species was determined for non-destructive quadrates at this stage. Relative leaf area at early season as independent variables and natural logarithm of individual plant weight at later season as dependent variable in a multiple linear regression was fitted to obtain the interspecies competition coefficients. Based on ln of weight of single plant equation the weed interference effects on the corn yield can be divided into two groups: inhibition (negative sign) and stimulation (positive sign). Among all weeds، night shade (Solanum nigrum L.)، redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.) had positive effects on corn yield، respectively. In fact، these weeds had competition and negative impacts on other weeds and reduced their competition power with corn and caused facilitation role on corn yield. At the end of growing season of corn، population of lambsquarter and Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) decreased while population of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.)، redroot pigweed and night shade increased.

In order to investigate the effects of soil texture and density on corm and flower yield of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) an experiment was conducted as a factorial layout based on complete randomized block design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture، Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during two growing seasons of 2009-2010 and 2010-2011. Treatment included 6 soil textures (clay loam، silty loam، loam، sandy loam، loamy sand and silt) with 2 plant densities (100 and 150 corms. m-2). Results indicated that the corm number and dry weight were affected by soil texture، significantly (p≤0. 01). The highest number and dry weight of corms were observed in loamy sand texture. Loamy sand، sandy loam and silty texture had the maximum flower number. The highest stigma yield was obtained in silty texture (1. 22 g. m-2)، but with no significant difference with sandy loam. The lowest stigma yield was obtained in clay loam، loam and silty loam textures. A negative significant correlation was observed between clay percentage of soil and corm number and dry weight، flower number and flower and stigma yield. In two growing seasons، plant density didn’t have significant effect on flower number، flower and stigma dry weight.

In order to study individual and integrated effects of biological، organic and chemical fertilizers on milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) quantitative and qualitative traits، a field experiment was conducted at Research Station، Faculty of Agriculture، Ferdowsi University of Mashhad، Iran during growing season of 2010-2011. A complete randomized block design with twelve treatments and three replications was used. The treatments were: control، vermicompost (V)، poultry manure (H)، chemical fertilizer (CH)، mycorrhiza (M) (Glomus mosseae)، biosulfur (B) (Thiobacillus sp.)، M+V، M+CH، M+H، B+V، B+CH، B+H. The results indicated that the all treatments affected the number of inflorescences per plant، inflorescences diameter and grain yield significantly and other traits weren’t affected by treatments. However، mean comparisons proved promising results for reduction in application of chemical fertilizer and its replacement with biological and organic fertilizers. Application of biosulfur increased the number of seeds per capitula in comparison with control up to 73%. The maximum and the minimum amounts of yield were obtained in M and M+CH، respectively. Other factors affected the yield approximately in the same rate. There was a significant enhancement (26%) in seed oil percentage by using M+H compared to poultry manure. The highest silymarin related to the use of Mycorrhiza and the lowest was obtained in M+CH. The maximum silybin was observed in Mycorrhiza treatment. The application of simple and integrated fertilization systems of organic and biological fertilizers can be effective to achieve a balance in applying chemical fertilizers in order to improve soil fertility، increase soil organic matter and also approach sustainable agriculture in farming milk Thistle.

In order to evaluate the yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Tarom Hashemi) in integrated rice، duck and Azolla، an experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2012. Experiment was arranged in split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The number of ducks as main plots at four levels (0، 400، 800 and 1200 ducks. ha-1) and Nitrogen source as sub plots at four levels (without Azolla and nitrogen، Azolla، Azolla+nitrogen and nitrogen) were the treatments. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences for the number of ducks، Azolla+nitrogen and their interaction effects of plant height، number of tillers. plant-1، number of panicle. plant-1، number of grains. panicle-1، panicle weight، panicle dry weight and grain yield. The results revealed that the highest values of plant height (133 cm)، number of tillers (38 tillers. plant-1)، number of panicle (24 numbers. plant-1)، number of grains (171 numbers. panicle-1)، panicle weight (23 g)، panicle dry weight (13 g) and grain yield (4 t. ha-1) were recorded in 1200 duck pieces per hectare while treated with Azolla (500 g. m-2) and nitrogen (50 kg. ha-1). In conclusion، results of the current experiment showed that increasing of duck number from 400 to 1200 pieces. ha-1 along with Azolla and nitrogen could enhance the yield and yield components of rice (Tarom Hashemi cultivar).

Garlic is one of the important medicinal plants that it''s plants in many origins. The intercropping of plants is a view of sustainable agriculture that it''s very useful. To evaluate the potential of Garlic in intercropping with medicinal plants، this study was conducted as a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications at the Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University in 2011-2012. Treatments were includingGarlic intercropping with Psyllium (Plantago ovata)، Black Seeds (Nigella sativa)، Ajowan (Carum copticum)، Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)، Marigold (Callendula officinalis) and Dill (Aniethum graveolens) that planted withthe 50:50 proportion inan interstitial cultureand also، pure culture of above plants. Relative advantage of Garlic intercropping with medicinal plants in terms of Relative Value Total (RVT) was only shown in Garlic intercropping with Black Seeds with 2. 04. The most of the amount of increasing actual yield was related to intercropping of Garlic with Psyllium with 1. 78. The pure yield of Garlic (7330 kg/ha) and intercropping of Garlic with Ajowan (2300 kg/ha) were the highest and lowest yield، respectively. There was a high significant difference with high correlation between intercrop treatments in terms of the number of bolblet in Garlic. When the number of irrigation (water required plant) increased، Garlic yield was reduced. However، a direct relationship was found between total relative value and number of irrigation. Finally، intercropping of Garlic with Psyllium and Marigold because of the high amount of Actual Yield Total (AYT) is proposed in this region.

One of the important aspects of the medicinal plants production is using less chemical inputs. It could be effective for increasing of production and environmental purposes. In order to investigate the effects of application time of integrated chemical fertilizer with cattle manure on growth، yield and yield components of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.)، an experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications in Research Farm of Shahrekord University during growing season 2011-2012. The treatments consisted of control (no amended nitrogen)، cattle manure، urea، three levels of split integrated fertilizers such as cattle manure + urea، cattle manure + cattle manure + urea، and three levels of full integrated fertilizers including cattle manure + urea، cattle manure + cattle manure + urea. The results indicated that integrated application of cattle manure with chemical fertilizer caused significant increase in number of main branch per plant (%11. 5)، number of capsules per plant (%9. 5)، 1000-seed weight (%7. 4)، capsule weight (%5. 9)، biological yield (%36. 7) of black cumin. Full dose application of urea fertilizer with cattle manure (50:50) due to improve of capsules per plant and 1000-seed weight increased significantly grain yield (2397 kg. ha-1). In general، use of integrated cattle manure with chemical fertilizer، full dose application of urea specially، with increasing of fertilizer efficiency led to improve of quantitative characteristic in black cumin. This method caused to cost eliminate of top dressing fertilizer and it can be effective for environment and medicinal plant health.

In order to study the Effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on some physiological، morphological and phenological traits of sunflower this study was carried out in Eivanegharb (Ilam province) in summer of 2011. Treatments were arranged in split factorial based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot include 4 levels of phosphorus and nitrogen chemical fertilizer (0، 33، 66 and 100% of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer requirements) and subplot includes factorial of Nitroxin and Phosphate Barvare2 application with two levels (inoculation and noninoculation) The results showed Ntroxin application had a significant increase (8. 4 percent) in a chlorophyll. Chemical fertilizers use had a significant effect on sunflower morphological characters، so that the use of 100% required chemical fertilizer compared to the control increased sunflower stem height 4. 92 percent. Nitroxin and Phosphate Barvare2 Interaction had a significant decrease effect on GDD needed until budding، so that in Nitroxin absence، Phosphate Barvare2 application، reduced the amount GDD needed until budding sunflower (38 units). Seed ccompared to the non-inoculation increased GDD needed for sunflower grain filling 2. 25 and 2. 60 percent Respectively. Finaly base on this study can explain that sunflower seed inoculation with Nitoxin and Phosphat barvar2 biofertilizer in addition chemical fertilizer application، yield will increase trough improvement of different traits

In order to study the consequences of the application of Mycorrhiza and Azospirillum inoculants on yield and yield components of wheat cultivars، an experiment was conducted in the research station of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz، Iran in 2012-13. The experimental design was factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The treatments including of Mycorrhiza fungi in three levels (no use of strain and using strain Glomus intraradices and Glomus mossaae)، bacteria Azospirillum lipoferum in the two-level (non-inoculated seeds and inoculated seed and too wheat cultivars in three levels، Chamran (bread wheat)، Dena and Behrang (durum wheat) varieties. Survey the traits such as spike density، hectoliter weight، grain yield، productivity index and several other treats indicate a significant and positive effect on wheat cultivars. So that cooperation of Mycorrhiza 7 to 33% and associative symbiosis of Azospirillum 4 to 32% improved traits. However، concurrent use، led to increase the use of biological fertilizers effects on morphological traits of wheat. But the highest seed thousand weights (52 g)، grain yield and biological yield، respectively (1246. 33 and 3000. 9 g. m2) was obtained from inoculation of C. V Chamran seeds with Azospirillum and G. mossaae and the highest number of days to heading (118 days) and hectoliter weight (803. 31 g. lit-1) of bacterial inoculation Chamran wheat and using G. intradices. Thus it can be stated Azospirillum and Mycorrhiza for organic feeding of wheat bread and pasta، and are as suitable replacement for chemical fertilizers.

In order to evaluate the yield and advantage of two- and three-species intercropping of sunflower with corn and soybean، an experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture of Tabriz University in Tabriz، Iran 2011. The experiment was arranged based on randomized completely block design with 6 treatments and three replications. Treatments were included the pure stand of sunflower، replacement intercropping including two-species intercropping of sunflower and corn in ratio of 3:3، sunflower and soybean in ratio of 3:4، three-species intercropping of sunflower -soybean– corn at ratio of 3:4: 3، three-species intercropping of sunflower- soybean-corn-soybean at ratio of 4:3: 4:3، respectively; and additive intercropping of sunflower with soybean in ratios of 100:20. Results indicated there were not significant differences for plant height، chlorophyll content، seed weight and biological yield of sunflower between pure stand and intercroppings. The leaf number of sunflower was affected significantly by planting pattern and in intercropping treatments was greater than that of sunflower pure stand. The head diameter، number of seeds per head، seed yield and harvest index of sunflower in intercropping of sunflower-maize were lower than them in pure stand and other intercropping treatments. The two-species intercropping of sunflower-soybean had higher grain yield and harvest index than three-species intercropping of sunflower-soybean-corn. The highest and lowest values of land equivalent ratio (LER) were obtained in additive intercropping of sunflower–soybean (1. 37) and replacement corn-sunflower (0. 87). The three-species intercropping of sunflower-soybean-corn-soybean had greater LER (1. 01) than intercropping of sunflower-soybean-corn (0. 94). Using three crops in intercropping causes increase in yield and also sustainability in agro-ecosystem.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a medicinal plant belonging to the mint dark، with fresh vegetables and spices are used. Nowadays the use of chemical inputs in farming causing severe environmental problems such as water pollution، soil and soil fertility is decreasing. Sources rather than chemical، biological resources important for the preservation of fertility and biological activity، improving the quality of agricultural products and ecosystem health is. In spring and summer 2012 in order to test the research station in Karaj Azad University Mahdasht done. Factorial experiment using randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments include: intraradices Glomus Mycorrhizal fungi، bacteria Azotobacter chrocooccum and vermicompost were each at two levels، taking no actions were taken. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of triple Mycorrhizal، Azotobacter and vermicompost increased compared to control growth traits، plant height، number of leaves per plant، number of inflorescences per plant، stem diameter and Dry matter yield level (p)

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important vegetable plants in the world. It originated in western South America، and domestication is thought to have occurred in Central America. In order to study the effect of polyethylene sheet as mulch on water requirement and yield of tomato، an experiment was carried out as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in Fariman fields، during growing season 2011-2012 years. The first factor was with/without mulch application and the second factor was four irrigation intervals including 5، 7، 9 and 11 every days. Plant height، the number of flowers and fruits، yield، fruit weight and brix index of tomato were measured. The result showed that mulch and irrigation interval treatments were significant on reproductive characteristics such as flower number، fruit number and fruit weight of tomato، but they had not significant impact on plant height. That plant height and the number of flowers and fruit in mulch treatments were higher in comparison with without mulch. Mulch had not significant effect on fruit brix. The highest yield was obtained from 5 days irrigation which had not significant difference with seven days irrigation. At the first and the second sampling stages flower numbers with mulch application were higher than without mulch. It seems that mulch caused early rippenning، increasing in reproductive growth and yield of tomato. The fact that the irrigation could be delayed in two days using mulch would cause optimal use of water and the possibility of increasing cultivating area.

In order to evaluate yield and grain filling rate and period and Correlation between rate and duration of grain filling Whit final weight of 10 wheat genotypes and comparison of stress indices among them، an experiment was carried out in Ardabil Agricultural Research Station under non stress and terminal water stress (stop irrigation after pollination stage) conditions based on randomized complete block design in three replications during 2009-2010 seasons. Analysis of variance showed that for grain yield، the genotype and environment effects were significant but their interaction was insignificant. Genotypes 2 (Bow «s» /Crow «s» //Kie «s» /Vee «s» /3/MV17) and 4 (Spb «s» // K134 (60) Vee «s» /3/ Druchamps /4/Alvd) with 3830 and 3690 kg/ha produced the highest yield in terminal drought stress conditions. The effect of genotype، environment and their interaction was significant for grain filling rate and period. The correlation coefficient between traits indicated that there were negative correlation between grain filling rate and period. In terms of grain filling rate the genotype 7 (F130-L-1-12/MV12(ATILLA-12) with 1. 29 mg/day showed the highest filling rate in stress condition and the genotypes 3 (Owl/Siossons//Zrn)، 4 (Spb «s» //K134(60) Vee «s» /3/Druchamps/4/Alvd) and 7 (F130-L-1-12/MV12(ATILLA-12) with 1. 41 mg/day and showed the highest filling rate in non-stressed condition. Results showed that for all of genotypes the filling rate in non-stressed condition was greater than stressed conditions. There are significant differences between the genotypes for grain filling rate، however، grain yield increased with the rate of grain filling product is no longer available.

The experiment was conducted in order to evaluate of competitive and economic indices in canola and pea intercropping at different rates of nitrogen fertilizer at Shahrekord University research farm during 1390 - 1391. Intercropping and sole cropping treatments (100% canola; 66% canola + 33% pea، 50% canola + 50% pea; 33% canola + 66% pea; 100% pea) were evaluated as the first factor and nitrogen rates (100% need; 75% need and 50% need) as the second factor in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The calculated competitive indices were included land equivalent ratio (LER)، relative crowding coefficient (K)، aggressively (A)، the system production index (SPI)، actual yield loss (AYL)، competitive ratio (CR) and economy indices included monetary advantage index (MAI)، and the intercropping advantage (IA). Results showed that all the competitive and economic indices had the highest amount in 50 and 75% of nitrogen requirement. The amounts of AYLt and SPI and economic indices (MAI and IA) were positive for all intercropping ratios. Also، LERt and Kt for all intercropping ratio were greater than one، that indicating the superiority of intercropping over sole cropping any of the two plants. The positive values aggressively index and the greater than one values competitive ratio for canola، indicated canola was superior competitor in compared to pea. In conclusion، the evaluation of competitive and economic indices appropriately describes intercropping advantage of canola with pea in reduced nitrogen fertilizer conditions.

Biological fertilizers can be suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers to increase soil fertility and crop production in sustainable agriculture. In order to evaluation of integrated application of bio-fertilizers and chemical fertilizers on on quantitative and qualitative yield of Ajowan in strip intercropping، a field experiment was conducted in a factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications at research farm of Payamenoor University of Nagadeh، Iran during growing reason of 2011-2012. The fertilizer treatments included control (no fertilizer)، 100% chemical fertilizers (NPK) and biofertilizers +50% chemical fertilizers and strip intercropping patterns consist of 4 row of ajowan+ 2 row of fenugreek، 8 row of ajowan+ 4 row of fenugreek and 12 row of ajowan+ 6 row of fenugreek and sole cropping of each crop. Results showed that intercropping patterns had significant effect on all of mentioned traits except plant height of ajowan. The highest and the lowest seed yield were obtained in of 4 row of Ajowan+ 2 row of Fenugreek and 12 row of Ajowan+ 6 row of Fenugreek، respectively. The essential oil percentage of all treatments was greater than، compared with in monoculture. Also، the effect of fertilizer was significant on yield and some yield components of Ajowan. The maximum grain yield and essential oil yield of Ajowan were obtained of treatment of bio-fertilizers +50% chemical fertilizers and control، respectively. Calculation of LER revealed that the maximum LER values (1. 97) were obtained of strip intercropping (4 row of ajowan+ 2 row of fenugreek) with chemical fertilizers. This means that grain yield per unit area in intercropping improved by 97%، compared with monocropping، intercropping had advantage over sole crop.

In order to evalutate the efficieny of green and farmyard manure and biofertilizers either separated or integrated on nitrogen dynamics in soil، leaves and grains in corn (Zea mays L.)، an experiment was conducted at 2009 cropping season. Experiment was arranged in split split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replicates. Main plots were three levels of green manure (consisting of control، berseem clover and barley) and sub plots were different levels of green manure residuals (including full and half clipping and no-clipping). Different levels of integrated fertilizers (including، 1- control; 2- recommended NPK as 250، 150 and 100 kg urea، superphosphate triple and potassium sulphat ha-1، respectively; 3- 50% NPK 4- 15 Mg farmyard manure (FM) + 50% NPK ha-1; 5- biofertilizer (BF) + 50% NPK; 6- 15 Mg FM + BF ha-1; 7- 15 Mg FM + 50%NPK ha-1 + BF، were the sub sub plots. Results indicated that green manures (both clover and barley) significantly increased soil nitrogen up to 23 percent. Leaves and seed nitrogen however، increased in clover treated plots (15 and 12%، respectively) compared with barley treated plots. Also farmyard manure + 50% NPK، biofertilizer + 50% NPK، and integration of farmyard manure + biofertilizer + 50% NPK، showed the best performance in (up to 32. 9%) terms of nitrogen dynamics compared to recommended NPK.

During the last few decades cereals yield have increased drastically at the national level however، information about yield stability and its resistance to annual environmental variability are scare. In this study long term stability of grin yield of wheat، barley، rice، corn and overall cereals in Iran were evaluated during a 40-year period (1971-2011). Stability analysis was conducted using two different methods. In the first method the residuals of regression between crop yield and time (years) were calculated as stability index. For this different segmented regression models including linear، bi-linear and tri-linear were fitted to yield trend data and the best model for each crop was selected based on statistical measures. Absolute residuals (the difference between actual and predicted yields for each year) as well as relative residuals (absolute residuals as percent of predicted yield) were estimated. In the second method yield stability was estimated from the slope of the regression line between average annual yield of all cereals (environmental index) and the yield of each crop in the same year. Results indicted that in wheat and barley absolute and relative residuals were increased during the study period leading to reduction of stability despite considerable yield increment. However، for rice and corn residuals followed a decreasing trend and therefore yield stability of these crops was increased during the last 40 years. The same result was obtained with the environmental index but in this method reduction of yield stability in barley was lower than wheat. Based on the results، yield and yield stability of cereals crops in Iran increased during the last 40 years. However، the percentage increase in stability is lower than that of yield. Application of nitrogen fertilizers was led to reduction in stability. Yield stability of wheat، barley، rice، corn and overall cereals was improved with increasing their cultivated area.

Sustainable development of the production in every region requires consideration of energy flow in the production system، moreover، investigating the production system inputs from environmental management point of view is of high importance. In this study energy use and greenhouse gas emissions is investigated. Data were collected through interviews with 75 tea farmers and comparing the results with Farmers Information Book. Total energy input was 39060. 60 MJ ha-1. Energy efficiency was calculated as 0. 22. Chemical fertilizers had the largest share in energy use and greenhouse gas emissions with 58. 55% and 74. 22% in tea production respectively. Total greenhouse gas emission in tea production was 1281. 82 kgCO2eq. ha-1. The Results of Cobb-Douglas model and sensitivity analysis of energy inputs revealed that the effect of all energy inputs except chemicals were positive on the yield، and the Input of human labor energy on yield was significant at the level of one percent. Energy of labor input had the most sensitivity and also had the most effect on the yield and then the machinery energy input and chemicals had the next highest effect on the yield of tea production in Guilan provinceSustainable development of the production in every region requires consideration of energy flow in the production system، moreover، investigating the production system inputs from environmental management point of view is of high importance. In this study energy use and greenhouse gas emissions is investigated. Data were collected through interviews with 75 tea farmers and comparing the results with Farmers Information Book. Total energy input was 39060. 60 MJ ha-1. Energy efficiency was calculated as 0. 22. Chemical fertilizers had the largest share in energy use and greenhouse gas emissions with 58. 55% and 74. 22% in tea production respectively. Total greenhouse gas emission in tea production was 1281. 82 kgCO2eq. ha-1. The Results of Cobb-Douglas model and sensitivity analysis of energy inputs revealed that the effect of all energy inputs except chemicals were positive on the yield، and the Input of human labor energy on yield was significant at the level of one percent. Energy of labor input had the most sensitivity and also had the most effect on the yield and then the machinery energy input and chemicals had the next highest effect on the yield of tea production in Guilan province.

Temperature and precipitation are two climatic variables haveing the most significant impact on the variability of crops yield. In this study، the relationship between rainfed barley yield، temperature and rainfall were assessed with both simple correlation and iterative chi-square analysis for Eastern Azerbaijan in four districts (Tabriz، Maragheh، Sarab and Miyaneh). The iterative chi-square analysis identified relationships of low and high yield years to the maximum and minimum of temperatures and rainfall. The same patterns in all regions found in the relationship between rainfed barley yield and climatic indicators. In all regions،the main climatic factors limiting rainfed barley production were low،high and very high temperatures occurring during February (cardinal value rang، T min ≤ -10 °C to T min ≤ -20°C)، before the onset of winter (cardinal value rang،T max≥15 °C to Tmax≥20°C) and at anthesis stage (early May to early June) (cardinal value ranging، Tmax ≥ 25 °C to T max ≥ 35°C) respectively. Cold nights (cardinal value rang، T min ≤ 10 °C to T min ≤ 20°C) and enough rainfall (cardinal value ranging، pp ≥ 5. 8 mm to pp ≥ 10. 6 mm) led to increasing yield in ripening stage (early June to early August) and in the early planting respectively. In all regions، the anthesis stage was the critical time in which high temperatures and low precipitation led to yield loss. Determine the impact of temperature and rainfall on crops yield provides advantage information for adopting appropriate management practices in order to decrease adverse effects.

A trial study was carried out to assess the influence of the plant residue management in conjuction with application of different nitrogen sources on wheat yield and components، at the Agricultural Faculty of ShahidChamran University of Ahvaz during 2011-2012. The experimental design was splitplot at randomized completed block design arrangement. The main plot were different wheat residue management at three levels (residue moving، residue incorporated to the soil and burning) and the subplot were different nitrogen resources (control، 75 & 150 kg/ha urea، Supernitroplus biological fertilizer) SNBF and 75 kg/ha urea fertilizer+ SNBF. The result showed that the plant residues are able to improve the wheat yield and components. Whereas، in most traits، the residue burning increased and the residue moving deceased the most trait. The residue incorporated to the soil was the intermediate treatment. Although residue incorporated to the soil had the highest 1000seed weight and harvest index and it had negative effect on biological yield. The highest grain yield (6. 6 tone/ha) and the lowest (2. 6 tone/ha) were obtained at Supernitroplus and residue removing treatment. Biological fertilizer application had negative effect and in most traits there was no significant different between biological fertilizer and no nitrogen application (Control). Whereas the application of biological fertilizer in combined with chemical fertilizer had positive effect and the highest seed number in spike and 1000 seeds was found at biological fertilizer in combined with chemical fertilizer.

Sustainability of productions in agricultural ecosystems depends on conservation and amplification of biodiversity. This study was conducted to determine the planting area، species richness، species evenness and biodiversity of different agronomical، horticultural and livestock productions in Kerman province. For this purpose، information about planting area of agronomical and horticultural plants and population of various livestock species for different regions of Kerman was gathered. The results showed that Jiroft and Kerman regions had the highest and Rafsanjan had the lowest agronomical planting area. The highest planting area of horticultural plants was observed in Jiroft and Rafsanjan and the lowest amount of the trait was gained in Baft. The highest and lowest livestock population was related to Jiroft and Ravar، respectively. Jiroft and Kerman regions were contained the highest species richness of agronomical (20 and 22 species، respectively) and horticultural (34 and 31 species، respectively) productions. Wheat، Pistachio and sheep were the dominant species in majority regions of Kerman. The highest Shannon index was gained in Jiroft (2. 27) and Kerman (1. 99) for agronomical، Jiroft (2. 31) and Baft (2. 05) for horticultural and Kerman (0. 99) for livestock productions. Rafsanjan was included the lowest Shannon index in all agricultural productions. Jiroft had the highest species evenness of agronomical (0. 76) and horticultural (0. 66) and Kerman was contained the highest amount (0. 75) for livestock productions in different regions of Kerman province. The results showed that correlation of Shannon index with species evenness was higher than planting area or species richness.