پژوهشنامه خراسان بزرگ
پیاپی 5 (زمستان 1390)

Tourism is a major sector of the global economy, and it is strongly influenced by climate. A pillar of the tourism development in each region is having favorable climatic conditions and determining favorable climate of the times for travel on the region. This study aims to assess the effect of climate on tourism conditions of the province of Khorasan Razavi using Tourism Climate Index (TCI). To calculate TCI, Average monthly of maximum and mean daily temperature, minimum relative humidity, average daily relative humidity, precipitation, total sunshine hours and wind speed were used. The model was implemented for 31 stations, with 19-year period (1987-2005) in the study area. In the annual scale, the results of research indicated that area is experiencing different situations. For example last two months of spring, and last month of summer, with the TCI >80, distinguish with high tourist potential. The monthly analysis of TCI under the different temporal conditions also showed that proper and optimum tourist sites will be changed according to different climatic conditions over the area. Therefore, with considered to the result of this paper could determined the favourable climatic condition for entrance of the tourist and in this way for providing economic development in province.

Several centuries before the Mongol invasion, Sahragard movements outside the borders of Khorasan, economic and cultural crisis of the land to be taken. While the cities of Khorasan and unaware of these movements, was at the height of the economic boom. Over several centuries, Turks and Chinese influence on the Silk Road for, had been in conflict with each other. In this battle, Sahragard gradually pushed toward Iran. Land north of Islamabad Sahragard rule on India and China, the lower-class culture - the economic territory of the lead And then win Sahragard - Mongols - bring it on. Isolation from international trade routes of Central Asia - Khorasan (Silk Road) and the road leading up to the Civil Khorasan (Sistan, Quhistan and Kerman) during the Seljuk rule, the result of this movement. This article Khorasan trade routes with neighboring areas with an emphasis on the eve of the Mongol invasions Sahragard has examined.

Khorasan was conquered in 29 lunar year by the second Khalifa Osman Ben Afan and with muslims through the leadership of Abdollah Ben Omar، gradually and city to city. After arrival of Islam to Iran and specially to Khorasan، most of the people and of course at the beginning of Islam entrance almost all of the Khorasan people gravitated to Sunnite. The dynasties which took power and government in Khorasn such as Samanian، Ghaznavian and Saljughian all of them had tendency to Sunnite. So people of those regions inclined to Sunnite. Gradually after the arrival of Sadat Alavi، Shiite could get appropriate position and lots of people joined to this branch of Islam. Even after a while، those which had not been joined to Islam، accepted this revealed religion through Shiite. The current article is going to discover how Shiite formed and distributed in Khorasan in initial centuries of Islam. In this way، after becoming familiar with geography of big and alive cities of Khorasan concerning Shiite، condition of entrance and distribution has been considered.

same identity in double recognize political boundaries. It seems that although political boundaries drawn by the sovereignty of the people, human geography, but the borders were still held together and shared ethnicity and culture of the region's roots in common. Of common history funds, can cultural and religiousThe study of library resources and Internet research methods - descriptive analysis has been exploited. result of research shows that these considerations can lead to convergence in the region provide. the same time global and regional powers in this area is the confluence of geopolitical strategy.

The present study aims at describing the historical geography of «Farghaneh» which had been one of the states of the Great Khorasan (the ancient Khorasan and Transoxiana) since the early centuries after the emergence of Islam. Descriptions will also be presented regarding the natural resources، cities، and scholars of the Farghaneh state. Also muslim Arabs'' success in conquering it along with its gubernatorial، administrative، and political conditions from Islamic era up to the modern times will be described. Since the social and cultural issues of Farghaneh have not been addressed adequately in geographical and historical sources، a small portion of the article covers those issues. The research findings suggest that the Farghaneh state had been neighboring Turkish lands and Turkish speaking people. Also، Farghaneh has been part of Persia in ancient times. In addition، It has been governed by Rashedin، Abbasid، and Omavid Caliphate and Iranian، Turk and Mogul governors in Islamic era.

Names have always been very important to humans and the naming of places, towns, cities, countries and people has social and cultural basis. Naturally people are looking to find the origins of place names. A toponymist is one who studies toponymy. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "toponymy" first appeared in English in 1876; since then, toponym has come to replace "place-name" in professional discourse among toponymists. The names of many places cannot easily be interpreted or understood; they do not convey any apparent meaning in the modern language of the area. This is due to a general set of processes through which place names evolve over time, until their obvious meaning is lost. Although the origin of many place names is now forgotten, it is often possible to establish likely meanings through consideration of early forms of the name. Some general conclusions about the nature of place names, and the way in which place names change, can be made and are examined in this article. So, this article focuses on the origins of some place names of the Holy Shrine.

One of the moral wickedness and indication of human’s defamation in the view of Islam is surveillance in the personal affairs of people and revealing their secrets and faults. The present study tries to investigate approach of Islamic civilization and western materialism toward this issue.