پژوهشنامه ادبیات تعلیمی
پیاپی 23 (پاییز 1393)

Some of the colors in different period of Persian literature have mysterious aspects of human life that have been decoded. Among these colors، black is one of the colors that has been used in the area of theology، religious، mysticism، spirituality، Sufi، literature and folklore. However each one has had different view points toward this special color. A short look at Persian literature shows in different periods the contents and educational missions and mystical aspect of this color has been emphasisedd. Accordingly، this study analyses this color in two styles of Persian poetry (khorasani and Iraqi). We found that in khorasani style، less than hundred cases، these colors have been used based on virtual language. The rest use of it has been for simple description and sensory metaphor. However، in Iraqi style often mystical text of Mathanvi education as well as a metaphorical and virtual language has been used.

Didactic poetry has a long history in the Persian literature. This article tries to investigate the ceremonial poetry as a type of didactic poetry. Recently، this type of poetry has been used frequently. Ceremony poetry in the Persian literature has been called with different names such as religious literature، occasional literature، and so forth. This paper tries investigating some important issues in the ceremonial literature like the definition of ceremonial literature، the salient feature of this genre، the theme of ceremonial poetry from didactic point of view، and didactic thoughts in different types of ceremonial poetry. Moreover، a wide variety of this type of poetry is investigated that included monotheistic chant، religious eulogy and elegy in the Persian literature and all of them have been reflected in the study.

In the history of Persian literature، some works have been entitled which is a general name. Majales is a type of didactic literature from the point of litrary typology and it is subcategory of it. Some of the important resourses of Majles Goyie or oratory are instructions and guidances of holy Quran and Nahjolbalaghe. The frequent subject of Majales is preaching and notification. Preaching interwoven with concepts like rehetoric، proselytize، didactics، advice، guidance، notification، admonition and sometimes it uses with same value. In this type of literature، preacher tries، in front of audiences، to say moral norms and deemphasise abnormalities for reformation of idea and behavior of society. The topic of those gatherings is didactic lessons which has been done in two forms (public and specific)، each one has its own special conditions and customs. Talking in public demands special oratory which is different from literary oratory and it is called «Pulpit oratory» which have special characterstics and specific elements. In this article the evolution of the topic from the beginning to the end of Safavi dynasty has been analysed.

Eulogy is one of the important branches of lyrical literature that contain a large part of Persian poetry up to the end of 6th century. Several researches have been done about it but Contemporary researchers have always considered it as a ethical criticism subject. As a result، they have not mentioned many social and literary aspects of it. In this research we have tried، with considering the feature of leader of Utopia in Hakin Abu Nasre Farabi views – as a model in Islamic culture – and with comparison of it with Mamdooh in the poetry of Jamaluddin Abdul Razzaq، we have shown that this poetry has described his ideal leader in his praised poetry. In other words، the poetry has shown him how he should to be not how he is. According to these studies، eight features like: wisdom، justice، inherent superiority، sovereignty، well-spoken، stay away from greed، willpower and warrior are the same between leader of Utopia of Farabi and Jamaluddin Abdul Razzaq and Mamdooh described in his poetry and other signs such as mismatch between his described leader with historical facts have strengthen this theory.

Systematic study about poetic characteristics of writer and poet and artist is an accurate and scientific method that leads us to their world. Rudaki is father of ancient Persian poem and the greatest poet of the Samanid. Despite his numerous poems، we received less than a thousand couplets، but the rest of the lyrics show his poem is a treasure of ideas، thoughts، advice and wisdom. Sheikh Ajal (Afsahol Motakallemin) Saadi Shirazi ornaments his speeches to philosophical contents artistically. The authors of this article have investigated common philosophical thoughts of these two great poet briefly، such as instability of world، seizing the present moment، inevitability of death، punishment of acts…Therefore، main subject of this essay is about common philosophical contents in Saadi and Rudaki''s poems that despite of these considerable contents have been newglected.

The subject of morality is an issue that the great philosophers، scholars and social peacemakers have been concerned about it in civilized communities. Saadi as a scholar and social peacemaker has emphasized on this important subject in his works ad he has tried to promote moral beneficences. He has notified to speech of philosophers in educating of moral courses، of course after the Islamic catechisms. The ancient Greek philosophers have had a special notification in morality and presented precious views. Moslem philosophers transcribe some of these thoughts in their works and through of these works، the thoughts of Greek philosophers have acceded to literary works. Saadi has accustomed to Greek philosophers'' viewpoints through of Ibn Moskouya''s and Abu- Al- Hassan Ameri''s books (not directly by reading Greek works) and he has reflected these opinions in his didactic works. This article tries to show impression of the Greek philosophers'' view on Saadi''s by studying the similarity of their speeches. Therefore، the original question is in which cases Saadi has been under impression of Greek philosophers? This survey divides to two chapters: virtues and wicked acts. In virtues، similarities of Saadi’s speeches about: science and philosophy، toleranceand humility of wises، braveness and fighting against cruelty، proper pride، excellence and richness، and finally friendship and unity compare to Greek philosophers words. And in wicked acts، similarities of speeches in: being ill- natured، tale – bearing and lie are proceeded.

Correct use of symbolism in children''s stories is highly important and it causes many ethical and lessons that easily transferred to the children. In this paper through analytically and descriptively approaches different symbols that are used in the educational stories of children in 1380s have been classified، evaluated and investigated. Firstly، these works were readout، summarized and classified according to type of symbol. Then all types of symbols were extracted and classified and segmented frequency of their contents analyzed and reviewed. From reviewed 64 symbols، word symbols with 54 frequency، personals symbols with 64 frequency and positive human symbols with 25 frequencies have been identified with greater frequency. In the above stories، in addition to reinforcing، self confidence and identification of talents and training of religious issues، symbols of concepts and movements، change and improvement of intelligence and knowledge; particularly، in the story «Who has picked my cheese?» with 100 frequency. The symbol of recognition of characteristic، training development of skills، and diligence; particularly، in the stories of «The secret of strange creature» with 65 frequency and «Fear is bad» with 60 frequency have been taken attention