مجله سلامت جامعه
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پاییز و زمستان 1388)

There are different views on the time of admission in parturient woman. Most of the specialists and medical centers delay the admission of the low risk parturient women until the onset of the active phase of labor to preven any unnecessary intervention in the process of labor. This study was conducted to compare the outcomes of labor in the hospitalized nulliparous women in latent and active phase and some related factors. This is a cross-sectional study. The subjects were selected by convenience sampling method. 188 hospitalized women in the latent phase and 285 parturient women in the active phase who were nulliparos, had spontaneously started labor, were at 37-41 weeks of gestation, with cephalic presentation, singleton pregnancy, and intact membranes were enrolled. The related data were collected and analyzed in SPSS using Chi–square and T–test. 35.6% of hospitalized cases in the latent phase and 9.8% in the active phase had abnormal deliveries; a significant difference was shown by χ2 test (p=0.000). The mean age in the latent phase and active phase was 21.66±3.38 and 22.46±3.62 years, respectively, showing a significant difference (p=0.014). The mean of the time interval between the first exam to admission in the latent and active phase groups were 14.18±16.81 and 9.74±10.98 hours, respectively. The difference was significant by T-test. In the latent phase 18.1%(34) and the active phase groups 3.9% (11), there were meconium passing which resulted in abnormal delivery.(p=0.000) This study indicates that there is probably a difference in the nature of labor between hospitalized women in the latent and active phases that lead to increased abnormal delivery. Could the delivery phobia and anxiety mechanisms caused labor disorder associated with prolongation of the expectant birth time? This is the question which was not answered in this study. However, it is recommended that this question to answered by either our or another research team in further studies.

the knowledge of radiation workers about biological effect of ionization rays is the first essential subject of any diagnostic radiology process performance and in other hand having the radiation protection devices is the most important compulsory subject in radiology departments. Due to the of important role of radiation workers in protection of patient, again st irradiation we have tried to evaluate the knowledge of these groups in Rafsanjan radiology centers. In this descriptive study, the radiology technologist's including bachelors, associated diploma and experimental technicians have been studied using researcher, designed questionnaire. The knowledge and performance of samples about radiation protection is evaluated and data analyzed using SPSS soft ware. based on these findings, the level of knowledge of radiology technologists about radiation protection of patients were 78.5 % poor, 11 % average and 10.5 % good. The performance rate of this group also were 73.7 % poor, 26.3% average and not good values were observed. Based on the results of our study due to the poor level of knowledge and performance of studied cases in this research and also important role of radiology technologists in this field, establishment of work shops in radiobiology and its related protections for essential.

B ackground and Clinical education is an essential section of nursing education and duty of nursing colleges are teaching the nurses that have been ability to apply clinical service according to progressive in knowledge nowadays. In regarding to importance of trainers view in educational process and distinguish of problems for promotion of quality nursing service, therefore this study has done to assess view of students about clinical education and it’s problems. This study is descriptive design and the study population consisted of 30 probationer nursing student in Nursing College, Khoy. Sampling method was census and data collected by using questionnaire. Validity of scale determined by content validity. Reliability of scale determined by Cronbach alpha. Results show that view of nursing student about “skills of patient education” (66.6%) and “skills of implementing nursing process” (55.2%) were weak. The most problems of clinical education were “following from bad habit” (56.7%), “lack of appropriate knowledge in units” (46.6%) and “amazing of student at time absent of instructor” (50%). The purpose of clinical education is promotion of service in society, however several problem are barriers for achieve this purpose. Therefore responsible of nursing education should pay attention to that.

Healthy individual’s nasopharynx is colonized with several organisms. In some situations. soch as inflammation tonsils or adenoid infection, the nasopharyngeal microbial natural make up messy and opportunistic pathogens will growth more and causes upper respiratory tract infection. Tonsillectomy should be performed in this condition. This study was designed to compare nasopharynx flora before and after tonsillectomy. In this prospective study, microbial culture obtained from pharynx of 50 Children between 3 to 8 years old with tonsillitis or adenoiditis and recurrent pharyngitis or nightly snoring candidate for Adeno(tonsillectomy). Microbial culture obtained before and at days 10th day and 30th following surgery. Data were analyzed with SPSS software. The average of age was 5.72. 56% of children were female and 44% male. Seven bacterial species isolated before surgery that reduce to six species at day 10th and four at day 30th study. Hemophillos influenza from 28% before surgery reduced to 10% at day 10th and 3% at day 30th after surgery. Staphylococcus areus from 26% before surgery reduced to 16% at day 10th and 10% at day 30th after surgery. Adeno(tonsillectomy) is effective in reductiun of pharynx pathogens and revert to normal flora and can prevent recurrent infections of upper respiratory tract. More studies with a wider sample size and higher technology are needed for detection of differat microbial varieties..

one of basic principles in observance of patient right, is respect for independence, that careless of by nurses inparalell with limitation of physical ability arised from disease and hospitalization can causes situational, crisis in patient. This study aimed to assess the observance of independence in hospitalized teenagers during nursing care. In this descriptive study, the data were collected using convenience method sampling of 180, 12-18 years old hospitalized teenagers in hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences which had criteria for enaeving is the study. Demographic data and observance of indenendeuce were collected by a questioner which was filled out by attended. Data we analysis with SPSS software and using man-whitney u and kruskal-wallis tests. More than one third of the studied teenagers (36.1%) were between 14-15 years old; more than half of them were males (53.3%). Findings shown from view paints Most of teeagers (66/7%) observance of their independence through nursing care is moderate. From view points of teenagers, t he most observanced expression about independence was phrases “presence of the favorite person as companion” and the least observance phrases were “choosing the bed and the room location with the teenager’s opinion”and “change the nurse if there is a tendency for”. Furthermore, results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between adolescents` perceptions and observance of their independence in demographic variables such as age, experience of hospitalization, number of hospitalizations, cause of hospitalization, duration of illness and duration of hospitalization. The findings of this study indicated from view of teenagers observance of their independence through nursing care is low. Furthermore planning of educational courses for nurses about importance of independence and observance of it suggested.

Clinical education skills play the most important role in education of nursing systems worldwide. This study was performed to determine the facilitating and preventing factors in learning clinical skills from the viewpoints of third year students of Rafsanjan School of Nursing and Midwifery. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 46 nursing students in their sixth semester were selected through convenience sampling method. A researcher designed questionnaire including questions about demographic characteristics and sq questions about facilitating and preventing factors in learning clinical skills were distributed among the samples. The questions included the areas of the relationships between the students, Staff, instructor and the patient; student’s satisfaction with the teaching methods of instructors and staff; teaching methods of theoretical and practical lessons; the facilities provided by the hospital and university; And instructors’ characteristics. The data was analyzed by SPSS software through descriptive statistics. The most facilitating factors in learning clinical skills belonged transferred responsibility to student (97.8 %), the educational environment provided by the instructors for experiencing clinical skills by students (95.6%), and the students support by staff and instructors'(93.4%) the opportunity to invent repeat deferent clinical skills (93.4%) and the instructor responsibility toward (86.9%) the opportunity to invent quest ional and answered. (86.9%). The most preventing factors in learning clinical skills were the lake of reaction trust between by staff to student (91.3%) the lack of students support by staff (89.1%), The lack of patients and student (73.9%) the fear of question in student in the ward (69.5%), and staff's bad behaviour (67.4%). Students were satisfied with the items in different areas but they were not satisfied with the relationship between staff and them selves, and also the way that instructors presented the practical and theoretical skills. They mentioned these factors as the preventing factors which affect their clinical learning. It is recommended to revise clinical education and take some appropriate action in order to provide a proper clinical education environment.

Introduction and Viral hepatitis are among five infect lovs factors and cause of death worldwide.They one the most cause of death in at least one million people early. Hepatitis B (HB) is the most common type of viral hepatitis. The aim of this study was determine the awareness and practice of Iranshahr hospitals staff regarding hepatitis B In 2010 This research is cruss- sectional study. The participations were all of the health care staff of Iranshahr hospitals. To collect the data a questionnaire was made by researcher in three parts. The first part had 10 demographic questions, second part had 10 awareness measurement questions and third part contains 10 practice assessment questions. There were 70 participitants and questionnaires were filled by interview. Data were analyzed with analytic –descriptive statistical methods by SPSS 14 software. Analysis of our data showed that 0% participitants had weak awareness, 22/9% had moderate awareness and 77/1% had good awareness about HB. The mean of awareness scores was 22/87 ± 4/43.The most of correct answer was about "HB was not transmitted by cough and sneezing "(45/7%). The least of correct answer was about "the best way of HB diagnosis is blood test" and" The most important of preventation method for HB is respect to personal health" that 94.3% was incorrect. as result about practice: Have not any participitants weak practice 0%, 32/9% had moderate practice and 67/1% had good Practice. The mean of practice scores was 22/22 ± 4/22. There was a significant relation between hospital staff awareness and practice (p<0.05). Awareness and practice in the most of staff was good. Which shows that educational courses in hospitals was effective and then we had to aware staff to roles and regulation about of preventation from infection specially hepatitis B.

Result of academic members’ evaluations affects the university decision-makings. Since scores in basic-science exam represent the successfulness of universities. In the current study correlation between comprehensive basic –science exam and the scores which evaluated by academic members of basic sciences departments in medical students were investigated. This descriptive study was conducted by educational files of all students that were enrolled in comprehensive basic-science exam from laa6to 2009. A checklist was used for data collection for each medical student which included age, sex, average scores of basic science, score of comprehensive basic-science and scores of basic courses evaluated by the academic members. Correlations among data were determined by Pearson’s coefficient test. While there were no significantly difference between comprehensive basic scores of male and female medical students, average scores of basic science of females were significantly higher than males. Average of basic science score, pathology, anatomy, medical English and embryology had the most correlation with the comprehensive basic-science exam, respectively. The least correlations with comprehensive basic-science exam were related to medical physics, Islamic knowledge and psychology courses, respectively. There is a significant correlation between comprehensive basic-science exam and most scores of basic science stage indicating quality of evaluation by academic members is valid and reliable.