مجله سلامت جامعه
سال یکم شماره 1 (پاییز 1385)

Cesarean is child birth from abdomen and uterous septum. c/s in compare to normal vaginal delivery has more complication such as infection post section and mother mortality and morbidity post c/s is more than NVD. review of studies showed an increase, cause of this increase dident identified but the important indication are: dystocia, no growth in delivery, fetal distressand breech presentation. This study is cross-sectional descriptive that collected with simple non probability sampling and includes all femal who went hospital for first delivery since Farvardin 81 to Esfand 82.These women were 430 persons that 160 of those became C/s.These persons were selected and completed questionar for perpose of search(evalution c/s prevalence in nullipara)by editor.collected data analized by descriptive statistical test with software spss/win. Cesarean frequency in this study is 37.2% evaluated age women were 16-40 years that all women were over 35 years old and became c/s in first delivery.92 persons (57.5%) with mother problems.44 persons(27.5%)fetal problems special fetal distress. 24persons (15%)mother and fetal problems.72%of c/s were term,23.5%post term and 4.5%preterm. Conclussion: Increasing in C/S that occure in pregnant mothers specially in nullipara showed important role of medical and care workers personel specially gynecologists that with strategen and correct decision making can prevention of un necessary. c/s and reduce of its compactions.

Burns is one of the worst injuries which a person can experience and one of childhood problems that cause lost of cost and infirmities and economical cost for families. Its prevention requires to epidemiologic assay and corporate effective strategy. This study performed on children who burned and refered to Rafsanjan emergency unit during one year. A checklist was completed by interview patient. Data was analyzed by spss and description statistics. Results showed burns was 9.6% of total accidents and boys were1.4 times more than girls and the most of burns were in children with age less than 36 months (55.67%) and family with 4 persons (47.42%) and urban children (ratio of city to rural was 3.3). 85.36 percent occurred in the home and 62.37% occurred during the day and 28.87% occurred during the spring. The reason of burns was 85.06% hot liquids, 12.37% fire, 2.06% explosion and. 51% falling in to oven. Regard to this results, performing training programs to prevention of the burns in home and consulting with the parents are very important and able to decrease of burning accidents.

Plants absorb radioactive elements from phosphate fertilizers, and also from naturally occurring radiation in the soil, air and water. It has long been known that low doses of ionizing radiation evoke stimulatory effects in a wide variety of living organisms. However, as far as we know, there is no published report on the bio-positive effects of diagnostic doses of X-rays on plant growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bio-effects of low doses of diagnostic X-rays on growth rate of Phaseolus vulgaris (Pinto) plants. Before cultivation, Phaseolus vulgaris (Pinto) seeds were soaked in tap water for 2 days followed by another 2 days of covering under a wet cloth. Four hundred newly cultivated seeds were randomly divided into two groups of 200 plants each. In this experiment, two seeds were cultivated in each dish (100 dishes for irradiation group and 100 for sham-irradiation group). Fifteen days after starting cultivation, newly grown plants were irradiated with X-rays. Plants were exposed to a single dose of X-ray (80 kVp, 80 mAs) for 6 days. On day 29, plants were pulled out from the soil. Length of plant stem, length of root, number of leaves and plant weight were measured. The stem length in irradiated and sham-irradiated plants was 296.51±13.57 and 223.96±15.02 mm respectively. This difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Although the number of leaves in irradiated plants was higher than that of sham-irradiated plants (7.05±0.18 and 6.74±0.19 respectively), the difference was not statistically significant. The stem diameters in irradiated and sham-irradiated plants were 3.52±0.12 and 3.35±0.09 mm respectively, but the difference again was not statistically significant. Plant weight in irradiated samples was less than that of non-irradiated plants but it was not statistically significant. The overall results indicate that diagnostic doses of X-rays can accelerate the growth of plants. The growth enhancement ratio for stem length was 1.33 that is a challenging figure. However, current data seem to be insufficient and further studies are needed to confirm these findings as well as to find out the possible hormetic mechanisms.

Hospital is a small place in which microorganism can be transmitted from one patient to another patient or hospital staffs through different ways. It should be remembered that all persons should considered as an infection agent. Out of body area, some of pathogenic agents are able to stay alive and protect their pathogenic potency. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of visible and occult blood on anesthesia and monitoring equipment in rafsanjan hospitals. This study was cross- sectional and performed in November and December 2003 on 105 samples of anesthesia and monitoring equipment that were being in operating rooms. The equipment was included sphygmomanometer pumps, electrocardiograph cables, pulse oximeter probes, ventilator control switches, valve knob and flowmeter knobes. These equipment were inspected for visible blood and after washing with distilled water, demonstrated existence of occult blood in solution by adding 10% pyramidone alcoholic solution. 36.2% of the total samples were positive for occult blood and 5.71% of samples were positive for visible blood. In the different hospitals, the rates of contamination for occult blood were 26.3% to 39.13% and the same rates for visible blood were between 0% to 10.87% The presence of blood on equipment may increase the risk for nosocomial exposure to viral and bacterial pathogens. Recommendations were made to decrease the risk from this contamination by redesigning equipment, increasing the use of disposable equipment and ensuring compliance with effective aseptic practices.

Teen age is one of the most critical ages in each life and teenager is passing over childhood and entrancing to a new phase in life to detect teen ages problems it is necessary to detect a generation that is experiencing a deep personality revolution cope with hoe if some effective factors in child personality development like parents environment, society, family and internal factors be organized in a way to help teenage finding identity and identification acute problems wont be created. But if this factors augment crisis susceptible teenage will be pushed to criminality or mal normal. Because in the presentation more than 20 million teenagers are living in our country and they make our society development power. Their attitudes and problems should be detected and their proper communication language should be finding too. Methods and tools: Study had too sampel first population consists of all criminal boy teens between 15-18 years old living in rehabilitation center of neck in the time of study. Second population was consisting of all boy teens between 15-20 years old that were studying in Mazandaran high schools. Data’s gathering method was self-reporting method. Surveyors gathered dates by filling demographic data questionnaire. MMPI test and eaysenk test them selves in one course. Discussion and According to this study finding most of the criminds have middle, neurotic, paranoid and anxious personality. This revels importance of psycho logic screening of the society teenager personality researcher proposes that parents control pattern on children should according to special logical philosophy and framework. Parents should control their children and have a special relation sleep with them. Schools and organizations should a good ethical and developmental function. Crime prevalence and should be restricted and so crime prevalence and ethical work on criminals is final target.

The driving accidents are aligned in first rank of the involuntary accidents. 70-90 percents of driving accidents are due to driver's behavior that is related with demographic characteristics such as: age، sex، marriage condition، personality Type، academic grade، history of driving fines or accidents. This study assesses driving behavior and its relationship with demographic variables in urban drivers of Rafsanjan. In this cross sectional study 392 drivers over 18 years old، driving license holders، at least one year driving history، and resident of Rafsanjan city were selected by cluster random sampling. The subjects completed Questionnaire covering demographic characteristics and driving behavior. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and chi square test. 87. 5% of subjects were male. 79. 3% married، 44. 6% personality type of A، 65. 8% diploma and higher grades، The mean of age، marriage during، and driving during were 37. 1، 14. 7 and 14 years. 46. 4% of cases had driving fines in the last year and 63. 8% reported history of driving accident in the driving course. 60. 5% of samples had “cautionous” driving behavior and others had “semi-cautionous” or “violent” behavior. “semi-cautionous” or “violent” driving behaviors were seen in the male and young drivers، who their job was driving، who had Type A Personality، and who had history of fine or driving accident significantly (p<0. 05). Married samples and drivers with lower diploma grade had more “cautionous” driving behaviors but differences werent significant. Regard to about half of the subjects appropriated driving behavior of uncationus, such it applicants psychosocial actions to adjust of above behavior and we propose observational researches to confidence this results.

One of the confirmed principle in modern education methods is planed teaching. This kind of teaching is based on education goals and wants to change behavior and practice of learners. According problems due to disproportion content of lessons to individual duty and responsibilities, it is necessary to define specified frame for each lesson. For implementation of this frame that named Lesson plan, cooperation of teachers is necessary. Therefore in this study importance of compliation of lesson plan and its obstacles for skill education view them assessed. This is a descriptive study that assessed importance of compliation of lesson plan and its obstacles for skill education view to Academic members Rafsanjan university of Medical Sciences. sampling method was census and dada gathered was by a questionnaire. Descriptive and analysis statistical methods was used for the data analysis. 51/1% of studies was female and 48/9%was male. 51/7%was in 30-40years. 91%were agree with compliation of checklist. 37/8%stated that they have a checklist for skills education. Means of total score of importance compliation of lesson planning was 36/38%and studies obtain 80/7%of total score. Absence of appropriate case according on plan had higher frequency(73/3%). Importance of compliation of lesson plan was clear for most of studies but it’s implementation has some obstacles therefore it is necessary to remove them with whole plans.

Marriage is one of the important choice in every male and females life. that it is important in developing humans psychiatric and personality aspect. Factors of political, social, cultural, economical, psychosocial, genetic physical are important cases in quality of Marriage. therefore every search about this subject and educational planning suitable with young needs it can to be solvent of problems their and country. Materials and methods In this study 350 university students of different sections in Rafsanjan medical science university were selected simple random sampling and method of collection information was questionnaire that made by searcher that involved 20 question that distribution between students. 50 questionnaire removed of study because they did not complete and were analyzed data by spss sub windows. 20/7 percent of students was male and 79/3 percent was female. Majority samples reported suitable age distance with wife is between 2-4 year and for they not important wifes native and inactive. 53/7 percent students reported main quality her wife fea and 90 percent reported most quality glad and logical. near to two third they reported family level her wife with her family same grade. Every two group of boys and girls reported mean range of dowty. so 34/5 percent of girls and 50 percent of boys preferred important social job with low emolument In cases such as difference of age and being beauty and situation wifes family and rang of dowty. Were seen significant difference between girl and boys view (p=0/05). Basic on study result students notice were more excellent criteria therefore Must for attainment to this criteria and deleted this problems marriage doing efficient work by family and.