پژوهشنامه ادبیات داستانی
سال یکم شماره 4 (پاییز 1392)

The psychological criticism is one of literary branches in literary criticism, in order to interpret the texts. The psychological criticism of literary works are located in four fields including; text analysis, the analysis of characters in the tale, the analysis of author’s personality, the figurative analysis. Saedi is one of the authors which tends to the psychological criticism in his tales, it is why his works are able to be examined due to the psychological criticism. This study tries to consider two characters of tale entitled “Two Brothers” among the collection of “Unknown Fear”.The results of study show that Saedi tries to create the characters who own the psychological origins; the psychological characters who tell hallucinations in the clashes f society. Saedi even chooses the names of characters due to this view. The individual, social dependence as well as the disappointment to achieve power are the most effective causes of psychological disorders.

Rowya-e-Tabbat novel was written by Fariba Vaghi, it is based on the life of three women on the various invests who try to attain calm, but they choose the different ways. It is necessary to know the relation and social identity in every society, to study the literary works. The novel is a novice literary form due to retention theory that is copy of social life. Hence, it is necessary to use the novice approach in sociology in the literary texts. Pierre Bourdieu is a French sociologist who is different model in the social environment, including the regions which are separated by invests. He certified on the kind of invest, the position of one in the region, the mental approach as well as the person’s actions. This study tries to consider Bourdieu’s theory and to examine the invests of three female characters in the tale, their position, the formation of mental approaches in the social environment. It seems these three women try to own some invest despite living in the different regions, they enter the dominating regions, though they find themselves unsuccessful because of asymmeritical condition in the invests through passing time.

Nima’s poem, “soldier's family” contains narrative elements, such as point of view, theme, characterization, setting and plot which are main in every narration. There are three factors in the beginning, middle and the due to Aristotle’s definition of cohesive plot. Nima tends to Romanticism in the narrative elements such as characterization, setting, and environment, on the contrary, the theme and the subject considers the social issues which approves Nima’s realism. At the end, the climax shows his approach from Romanticism to Realism.

Brian McHill is a theorist who has used philosophical and literary concepts to study postmodern fiction literature. His theory is based on philosophical concepts. He believes that modern stories tend to have an epistemological direction; yet postmodern stories have an ontological approach. Postmodern analysts have relied on McHill theories to create fiction contexts focused on ontology in order to implicitly ask these questions: What kind of nature does each world have? What are different kinds of world? How are these worlds formed? And how are they different? The study tries to examine the "Royayakabus" story written by Abu Torab Khosravi regarding McHill ontological viewpoint, in order to demonstrate that as the distinction between the real world and the imagination is obscured in fiction, uncertainty and pluralism dominates it and the addressee does not know for sure whether the described world in it is a real or an imaginary world.

Although Dovlat Abadi tends towards Romanticism and symbolism in the second and third periods of his story writing life respectively, as whole, the dominant element of the selection of fictional realities in his entire literary works is based on realism school. In his style, fictional realities always begin with inspirations taken from documented social realities or personal experiences, and in the general framework of the narrative also the main background of the story is based on historic, political, and social realities. As whole, stories the foundations of adventures, through a complicated and thoughtful process, are recreated in the mind and imagination of the writer and are turned into an independent reality which is very different from whole the writer's heard, seen, and experienced realities. In this article, the modality through which the realities and documented social experiences have affected the novels of Dolat Abadi.

Five to seven centuries have been usually regarded as the richest career in mystical writing. It was in the middle of the same career, it means sixth century which was the beginning of prose poem, or artificial prose that officially established by Nasrollah Monshi in his Kalila-and-Dimna.It is very important that the prevailing spirit of mysticism in this period- besides regarding the point that although the stories in Kalila-and-Dimna are animal fables, actually they represent humans’ actions and reactions when confronting different spheres of political and social life- the question is whether these stories were excluded completely from the effects of mystical ideas or if they were affected directly or indirectly by them? This article concludes that, this author is contemporary with the beginning of mystical poetry and being familiar with Sufi poetry and prose, his work could not have escaped from the influence of religious and mystical ideas. Especially, the tendency to negate the world and belief in the hereafter was the prevailing thought in his mind-set, emerging in Kalila on the different pretext.

Modern Fiction dates back to the constitutional career while Iranians who had taken trips to the foreign countries translated some novels from foreign language. After this, the modern fiction has been considered in Iran. Amirkhani is one of the authors who used these novice elements of writing which were merely considered in the public. This study is to compare the fiction elements in Amirkhani’s work, in order to show that he uses these fiction elements in the best situation in his works. He is successful in characterization and tone. Amirkhani used them in the “Az Beh” and “Qeidar”novels.