International Journal of Enteric Pathogens
Volume:3 Issue: 1, Feb 2015

Salmonellae have become increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents, partly as a result of genes carried on integrons.. Here we describe the antibiotic susceptibility pattern, ESBL production and the prevalence of integrons genes among clinical isolates of Salmonella spp.. This descriptive study was done on 110 isolates collected from four hospitals in Tehran during 2012-2013 and identified by routine biochemical tests. Then, disk diffusion method was used for testing the antibiotic susceptibility. ESBL phenotype was confirmed by Combined Disk. The existence of integron classes was investigated by PCR assay through the amplification of integrase genes.. Maximal resistance in Salmonella isolates was noticed against trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (63/6%) and nalidixic-acid (47/3%). All of isolates were susceptible to imipenem and ciprofloxacin. Four (3.6%) isolates showed ESBLs phenotype. Thirty six of Salmonella isolates have integron but there was not detected class 3 of integrons among isolates.. The present study shows the high prevalence of MDR among Salmonella isolates and so alarms the importance of continued monitoring of drug resistance in clinical settings..

Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen thought to be widely distributed in the environment. Listeriolysin O (LLO) and internalin A are two major pathogenesis factors in this bacterium.. The purpose of this research was to isolate of Listeria from different parts of the Karun river in Iran. The bacteria were identified based on cultural characteristics, biochemical tests and by PCR assay.. A total of 150 water samples from Karun river (rural and urban environment) were collected. The bacteria were identified based on cultural characteristics, biochemical tests and by PCR assay.. From total 150 samples, twenty L. monocytogenes were isolated and identified and amplification of two pathogenicity genes: hlyA and inlA in twenty L. monocytogenes were positive.. Detection of Listeria monocytogenes with hlyA and inlA genes suggest that these strains may have the potential to invade host cells, and consumption of water contaminated with L. monocytogenes, can cause human disease..

Cholera is one of the most diseases of human. Cholera toxin is the most important pathogenic factor in humans that causes diarrhea. The cholera toxin is produced by V. cholerae and CTXфPhage.. In this study, we have investigated the production cholera toxin with different density of Vibrio cholerae.. With this propose we inoculated classical strain O1 of Vibrio cholerae ATCC 14035 and Vibrio cholerae O1biovar El Tor N16961 into the AKI medium. Then, the total mRNA was determined by standard procedure which was converted into total cDNA.. Cholra toxin production was determined by qPCR and maximum production of cholera toxin was at 1010 cfu/mL.. In conclusion, production of cholera toxin was minimized almost up to zero at 1010.5 cfu/mL; which could be due to presence of high level concentration of autoinducer..

plants been used for biological basis of drug substances in thousand years. Some of the plants have inhibitory effects on growth of intestinal infections. Black pepper is the plant that uses as classical medicine in the infections. Vibrio cholerae and Staphylococous aureus are two important bacterial agents in the food contamination.. In this study, inhibitory effects of (watery_alcoholic) extractions and essence of black pepper were studied against S. aureus and V. cholerea.. Extraction produced by soaking method then for determined antibacterial effects were used cylinder method. For preparation essence 50 gram of powdered black pepper was extracted by soaking, ethod and effect of essence was studied against the target cultuer by using the cup diffusion method. We also determined the MIC and MBC by micro dilution method.. Essence of black pepper showed good antibacterial effect on this bacteria. MIC of essence on the V. cholerea and S. aureus was 38 µg/mL and 75 µg/mL, but alcohol and watery extractions didn’t have antibacterial effect on these bacteria.. essence of black pepper showed a potent antibacterial activity and therefore, it may be used as an inhibitory extract against S. aureus and V. cholerea in food industry..

Cholera is a severe disease which is caused by Vibrio cholerae and it is typically transmitted by either contaminated food or water particularly in developing countries. The most important virulence factor of this bacterium is an enterotoxin called cholera toxin which is a protein complex secreted by the Vibrio cholerae.. In this project, we determined the production of cholera toxin at different pH values.. Two standard strain of Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar EL Tor N16961 and Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar Classic ATCC 14035 were used. After overnight cultivation of both the strains the total mRNA extracted and converted to total cDNA.. By Relative Real-Time PCR analysis the most cholera toxin production in classical and El Tor strains was at pH 8.5 and 8, respectively.. Therefore, We may conclude that use of acidic diet will help in reduction of cholera toxin production..

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) pose an emerging problem in Iran hospitals.. The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of van genes among vancomycin low resistant Enterococccus (VLRE) isolate in Tehran hospitals.. Totally 162 and 152 isolates of enterococcal species were obtained from fecal and clinical samples of hospitalized patients between March and November of 2012. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined according to CLSI. The presence of the van A and B resistant genes in VLREs isolates were evaluated by PCR method.. VLRE accounted for 162 (38.4%) and 159 (38.7%) of Enterococal isolates from clinical and fecal flora samples respectively (MIC’s in the range of 16 to 64 µg/mL). VanA and vanB genotypes were detected with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 85 (27%) and 35 (11%) of VLRE isolates, respectively.. VLRE cause serious problems in healthcare settings because their detection is difficult and treatment of these infections may not be successful. These species are miss-identified as vancomycin susceptible isolates. By detection of VLRE, we can evaluate perspective of vancomycin high level resistant Enterococcus rate in future..

Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a motile, gram negative, catalase and oxidase positive bacteria that produce strong urease. H. pylori has been recognized as an etiologic agent of gastritis, gastric ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric MALT lamphoma. H. pylori infections have been correlated with many throat and larynx disease. More recently it is introduced as group 1 carcinogen. The existence of H. pylori within bouccal cavity and dental plaque has been reported. The nasal cavity can be colonized easily with H. pylori.. The aim of this Study is to report the result of an investigation of H. pylori genome within the larynx popilomatosis biopsy samples.. 41 biopsy samples were provided from papillomatosis cases during therapeutic surgery. The biopsy samples were preserved at -80°C until use. The DNA extractions were achieved by the phenole- chloroform method. The cagA of H. pylori were amplified by specific primer sets.. H. pylori DNA were detected from 3 out of 41 (0.7%) papilloma samples.. This result is in agree with another reports about correlation between laryngeal papilomatosis and H. pylori infections..

Enterobacter infections are increasingly recognized as an important nosocomial infection. Here we describe the prevalence of three classes of integrons in clinical isolates of Enterobacter spp. and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes among isolates with integron.. Here we describe the prevalence of integrons genes among clinical isolates of Enterobacter spp. and antibiotic susceptibility pattern, ESBL production and the prevalence of resistance genes among clinical isolates of Enterobacter spp.. A total of 110 Enterobacter isolates collected from four hospitals in Tehran during 2012-2013. Enterobacter species were identified by using API 20E system. The existence of integron classes was investigated by PCR assay through the amplification of integrase genes. Then, antibacterial susceptibility and confirmation of ESBL phenotype was determined. Then, the bla groups, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M-1 and aminoglycoside modifying enzymes genes were identified by PCR with specific primers.. The prevalence of Enterobacter species were E. cloacae (78.2 %), E. aerogenes (13.6 %) and E. sakazakii (8.2%). They were from different clinical sources. Forty five of Enterobacter isolates have integron but there was not detected class 3 of integrons. All isolates with integron were susceptible to imipenem. Ten isolates of Enterobacter with integron showed ESBL phenotype. The frequency of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M-1 genes are 20%, 0% and 15.6%, respectively. The frequency of genes encoding ANT (2˝)-Ia, APH (3΄)-Ia, AAC (6΄)-Ib and AAC (3)-IIa were 11.1%, 13.3%, 13.3 % and 20 %, respectively.. The high prevalence of integron-positive isolates in our MDR Enterobacter isolates indicates that these mobile genetic elements are common among different Enterobacter spp. and associate with reduced susceptibility to the first-line antimicrobial drugs. This so highlight the continued monitoring of drug resistance in clinical settings..

Intestinal parasites of humans are one of the most important health problems worldwide, especially those located in tropical and subtropical areas.. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of intestinal parasites in patients with gastrointestinal disorders, in different parts of Iran..Patients and A total of 1520 stool samples were collected from patients with gastrointestinal disorders. The stool specimens were examined by direct wet mount, formalin-ether concentration and a modified version of the Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Amoeba-positive samples were cultured for further differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar, E. moshkovskii. DNA-based methods were used to differentiate these amoebas and to detect Cryptosporidium- positive samples. Statistical analysis was carried out by SPSS ver. 16.. Out of the 1520 individuals studied, 153 (10.06%) were infected at least with one intestinal parasite. 781 (51.4%) of patients were male and 738 (48.6%) were female. The prevalence of protozoan parasites 148 (9.7%) was significantly higher than helminth parasites 5 (0.3%) (P < 0.001). The frequency of intestinal parasites was as follows: Blastocystis sp., 72 (4.73%); Giardia intestinalis, 35 (2.30%); Entamoeba coli 21 (1.38%); Endolimax nana 10 (0.92%); Cryptosporidium spp., 1 (0.06%); Entamoeba dispar, 1 (0.06%); Dientamoeba fragilis, 1 (0.06%); Hymenolepis nana, 3 (0.19%); Dicrocoelium dendriticum, 2 (0.13%). In five (0.32%) of the positive samples, co-infections with two parasites were found. G. intestinalis was more prevalent in male 22/35 (62.86%) than female 13/35 (37.14%) as well as in 0-9 years old group. In one sample Heterodera ova contained larva were seen.. Blastocystis and G. intestinalis were the predominant intestinal parasites detected in patient with gastrointestinal disorders. The results indicated that the intestinal parasites, particularly helminth infections have been significantly declined in recent years..

Foodborne illnesses continue to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide; however, the burden of diseases caused by food-borne pathogens remains largely unknown.. The aim of the present study was to culture-confirmed the bacterial profile and their antibiotic resistant pattern in Food and Drug Laboratory, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran..Patients and A total of 22 bacteria including of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp and E. coli were presumptive isolated from the traditional ice cream, cream pastries, sausage, and salami by the Official Food Microbiology Laboratory, Deputy of Food and Drug Administration, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran, and sent to the Research Center Laboratory, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, to confirm the bacterial spp by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. These isolates were also checked for their antimicrobial resistance pattern according to CLSI guideline.. The highest rate of contamination was with Klebsiella spp 09 (40.9%), followed by S. aureus 07 (31.8%), E. coli 06 (27.27%), as reported by the Official Food Microbiology Laboratory of Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Gel electrophoresis of the isolates shows the 600bp bp and 80 bp gene among S. aureus and E. coli respectively. The antibiotic resistant pattern in case of Klensiella spp showed that 6 (66.6%) Klensiella spp were resistant to Penicillin and Cotrimoxazole. Similarly, penicillin and amoxicillin were found the highest resistant antibiotic against 83.3% E. coli, however, ceftriaxone showed the highest sensitivity against 100% E. coli isolates.. In conclusion, Klebsiella spp, S. aureus and E. coli are contaminants of food specimens obtained from food industries in Karaj, Iran; they constitute a serious health risk for human population. Moreover, the principal purpose of this study is to increase awareness of the antibiotic resistance of these bacteria poses threat..