فصلنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی
پیاپی 24 (زمستان 1393)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of high intensity interval exercise in hypoxia and normoxia conditions on serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) response and its relation with glucose in non-athlete young men. 9 sedentary volunteers، with age 24. 6±0. 5 yr.، weight 72. 9±4. 9 kg and height 174. 8±5. 3 cm participated in this study. Subjects'' main activity for 30 min including 10 times 1-min with 80% Wmax on cycle ergometer in hypoxia normobaric condition (15. 3 to 15. 5 % of oxygen of 2500 m high) and after a week in normoxia condition (20 to 21% of oxygen) were performed. Between each of the repetitions to return to the initial state، the intensity of the activity was reduced to 50% Wmax. In the test session، to measure IL-6 levels and glucose، 2 ml of blood each at different times (before، immediately after and two hours after the activity)، subjects were collected from the brachial vein. To analyze the data، analysis of variance with repeated measures was used. Serum levels of IL-6 subjects immediately and two hours of activity in hypoxic conditions and Normoksy showed decreased insignificantly (P>0. 05). The correlation between IL-6 levels and glucose were observed between the two conditions (P>0. 05). Based on the results we can say that the implementation of the periodic activity of severe dysfunction of the immune system in young male athletes are not created. However، due to the influence of intensity، duration، type of activity and the degree of hypoxia on the immune response، it is better to provide intense sporting activities for young people more closely to non-athletes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness on active recovery and contrast water immersion on perceived muscle soreness and anaerobic performances after one session exhausted exercise. Sixteen male team sport futsal players، age 26. 4 ±2. 45 yr.، height 177. 4. 63 cm، weight 73. 5±9. 82 kg participated in this study. After being informed of all details of experimental procedures and methods each subject completed a written consent. Anaerobic performances baseline were collected. Participants performed team sports exercise on two separate occasions. Upon completion of exercise participants were randomly divided into two groups of recovery for 20min: contrast water immersion (alternating hot 38 ◦C، 2min/cold 15 ◦C، 2min) and active recovery (8 minutes of jogging، 8 minutes of walking and running sideways and backward، and 4 minutes of stretching). Perceived muscle soreness were measured at 1h and 24h post exercise. Anaerobic performances were recorded at 24h post exercise. The results show no significant differences in anaerobic performances between the two forms of recovery. Perceived muscle soreness was significantly lower for contrast water immersion compared with active recovery.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 16 weeks endurance training and high fat diet on plasma level of nesfatin-1; interlukin-6 and 10 to understand the role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in the regulation of appetite، food intake and the associated these factors with obesity. In order to 32 male rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group with standard diet (CSD) (n=8)، endurance training with a standard diet (ESD) (n=8)، control group with high-fat diet (CHFD) (n=8) and endurance training with high-fat diet (EHFD) (n=8). Training groups was given exercise on motor-driven treadmill at 30 m/min (0% grade)، 60 min/day، 5 days/week for 16 weeks، and all of groups were given ‘‘ad libitum’’. The ELISA method for laboratory analysis and MANOVA test for analyses data were used. Results showed that there wasn’t a difference between nesfatin-1 and IL-10 in exercise groups and control groups but observed significant differences in HFD and SD groups (P<0. 001). Furthermore، the present study showed that، Perhaps، Endurance training of moderate to severe، by creating a balance between control of appetite and metabolism، which is one of the possible routes nesfatin-1، IL-6 and 10، could prevented from high-fat diet- induced obesity.

In this study، we established the Persian version of Talk test and evaluated its psychometrics features for determination of aerobic threshold in healthy young females. Three groups of 19 healthy female students (with low، mid، and high aerobic capacity) were selected by stratified purposeful sampling. Giving informed consent، they took part in 2 sessions of Exhausting Graded Exercise Test (EGXT) which were apart by 1 week. TT and gas analysis were administered respectively in first and second sessions of EGXT. Ventilatory estimations of TT were evaluated by results of EGXT. Using SPSS software، data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. VO2max of 3 groups were significantly different (F (2، 54) ≥32. 44 and P≤0. 01). Nevertheless، in anaerobic threshold، mean (±SD) of HR، Borg Scale، and TT were approximately the same and respectively equaled 177 (±10) pulses، 15 (±2) degree and 24 (±2) words. In anaerobic phase، they were remained the same and respectively equaled 193 (±7) pulses، 18 (±1) degree، and 22 (±2) words. Parallel to previous studies، this study showed that there is a negative linear correlation between Talk tests with intensity of training. Ability to recitation 24 words and more in 30 seconds show aerobic zone and recitation of 22 words and less in 30 seconds show anaerobic zone.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the lactate kinetics after concentric and eccentric isokinetic contractions. For this reason، ten recreational male participants performed two knee CON/CON and ECC/ECC isokinetic protocols (4 set، 10 repetitions، 60˚/s) in 2 separate sessions. Blood lactate concentrations measured before and at 0، 3، 6، 10، 15، 30، 45 and 60 minutes post-exercise. The individual blood lactate recovery curves were fitted to a biexponential time function. Paired t-test was used to compare the lactate responses to two exercise trials and the repeated measures of ANOVA was employed to compare the work rates following the sets in both sessions. Lactate concentration increased in response to concentric contraction from 1. 65±0. 34 to 5. 05±1. 19 (mmol. l) and in response to eccentric from 1. 71±0. 42 to 4. 12±1. 64 (mmol. l). Statistical analysis of data showed that increases in lactate concentrations were significantly higher in response to CON/CON protocol than ECC/ECC (P<0. 05). The lactate exchange (P<0. 01) and removal (P<0. 01) abilities were significantly higher after ECC/ECC exercise than CON/CON. Likewise، tpeak (P<0. 001) and t1/2 (P<0. 001) were significantly longer after CON/CON protocol than ECC/ECC. According to the findings of the present study، it could be concluded that concentric exercise leads to more metabolic stress than eccentric exercise. Therefore، based on the differences in the lactic acid production following these type of contractions، it is recommended that the type of recovery used following these contractions must be different and that following the concentric exercise the active recovery must be used.

The object of this research is to recognize energy system involved in volleyball by emphasize on differences in different posts in super league games of Iran’s sport clubs. According to the games table، all 24 go and return games of one teams has been filming directly by researcher. In order to examine better، at first by expert programs، films were changed to usable format in analyze program، then the number and the type of gathered jumps has been gathered، examined and the analysis has been stored. Through one-way variance analysis، gathered information has been evaluated on meaningful level of (p<0. 05). Along rally in all games، the mean time of activity and rest is (20±9، 6±4)، respectively. The mean of jumps in setter post، middle blocker، hitter، opposite hitter are (66، 70، 62، 53)، respectively. Also، the method of distribution of activity times for rallies during competitions shows that the most frequency is in 4، 5 seconds. Also، the mean activity time is equal to 6second and more than 90%of the all plays time is under 11seconds. Based on research findings، the most energy system in volleyball is of anaerobic and based on phosphagen system. Therefore، according to different performance requirement in which requires different Physiological، physical، skill characteristic، we should perform and program special exercise program according to individual differences of players.

This study aimed to identify the possible effects of the different types of exercise on levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF-Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) in the hippocampus of adult rats. In this experimental-trail، Thirty-five Wistar rats were divided into five groups: (1) Sedentary (Sed)، (2) Endurance Training (ET)، (3) High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)، Sprint Training (ST)، Incline Treadmill Workout (ITW); Sed group was regarded as control. ET group received 8-wk Mild-intensity endurance exercise. The exercise schedule of HIIT group consisted of high intensity interval training for 8 weeks (with Active recovery). ST group ran on treadmill for 8-weeks with high intensity. ITW group ran on the inclined treadmill. Hippocampal BDNF protein was assessed using commercial ELISA kits and the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Statistical differences were considered significant at α<0. 05. The results showed that all training groups had no significant differ in BDNF protein level comparison with the Sd group (PET=0. 786، PHIIT= 0. 135، PST= 0. 163، PITW=0. 172). However، altered exercise training did not differ significantly BDNF levels، it seems، higher intensity exercise and stress can affect more change in hippocampus BDNF levels.

Purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of garlic supplementation on the isocapnic buffering and hypocapnic hyperventilation phases in healthy young athletes. Thirty healthy young athletes (Age 20. 05 ± 0. 87 yr.، Height 178. 67 ± 4. 76 cm، Weight 71. 55 ± 8. 9 kg) divided into two equal groups: supplementation and placebo. The supplement group received each day for a week 1000 mg of garlic pill and placebo group each day for a week 1000 mg of starch. All of the subjects participated before and after supplementation on self-dependent protocol. V-Slope was measured with the respiratory gas analysis system for estimating the isocapnic buffering and hypocapnic hyperventilation phases. Under curve surface area was estimated using of integration function. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) aimed to control the pre-test scores as a covariate was used to analysis the data. Results indicated that short-term garlic supplementation despite of positive effects on the aerobic and anaerobic thresholds as well as the peak values، has no a significant effect on isocapnic buffering and hypocapnic hyperventilation phases. Based on the results we can conclude that presumably short-term supplementation of garlic shifts the isocapnic buffering and hypocapnic hyperventilation area to the right side and delay fatigue which has to be studied in the future.

The aim of the study was to investigate of effect of calorie restriction in combination with high intensity intermittent training and resistance training on plasma concentration of adiponectin، TNF-α and fasting insulin in obese/overweight men. Twenty-eight obese/overweight men (age 31. 6 ± 7. 2 y) volunteered to participate in present study. The subjects were randomly divided to low calorie diet (n=8)، high intensity intermittent training plus low calorie diet (n=10) and resistance training along by low calorie diet. Intensity of intermittent and resistance training was 85 – 90 % HRmax and 70 – 80 % 1RM، respectively. Blood samples were collected three days before and 48 h after last training session. Body mass، fat mass and fat percent were significantly decreased in all groups. In combined groups، plasma adiponectin was significantly increased (HIT group: from 2. 65 to 4. 6; Resistance training group: from 3. 0 to 3. 5 µg/ml). Plasma concentration of TNF-α was significantly decreased in combined groups (HIT group: from 2. 4 to 1. 4; Resistance training group: from 2. 7 to 2. 5 pg/ml). In HIT group، the changes of adiponectin and TNF-α were significantly higher than resistance training one (all P≤0. 01). Fasting insulin concentration was significantly decreased in all groups، but no significant differences were found between groups. Our result indicate that combination of high intensity intermittent training and low calorie diet، to improve of body composition and adipokine profile and decrease on fasting insulin، is superior than calorie restriction alone or combined to resistance training.