فصلنامه تحقیقات حشره شناسی
سال ششم شماره 3 (پیاپی 23، پاییز 1393)

Pathogenic fungi are one of the factors for the insect pest control. Conidia viability of fungi، changes because of the effect of environmental factors and chemical insecticides that are used to protect plants. In this study، the effect of insecticides; imidacloprid and acetamiprid، andessential oils of the mint، Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae)، cumin، Cuminum cyminum L. (Apiaceae) and lemon sole، Citrus aurantifolia L. (Rutaceae) on mycelial growth and conidial germination rate of Lecanicillium longisporum was studied. Concentrations of insecticides and essential oils used in the study were as 250 μl/l (0. 5 MC)، 500 μl/l (MC) and 1000 μl/l (2 MC)، respectively. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design and the effect of insecticides and essential oils with four replicates at three concentrations of 27 ± 1°C on SDA medium was examined. Results showed that the effects of three essential oils and two insecticides on growth parameters of entomopathogenic fungus compared to controls was significant at p<0. 01. Cumin essential oil and acetamiprid had the highest، lemon and mint essential oils had the lowest percentage inhibition of mycelial growth and fungus conidial germination. The results showed that this fungus resistant to lemon essential oil and to cumin essential oil and acetamiprid are sensitive. It was found that by increasing the percent inhibition of mycelial growth of fungus، conidial production rate in each petri dish was significantly reduced. Lemon and mint essential oils have been investigated with regard to their significant effect and low risk to humans and the environment than chemical insecticides، could be used in integrated pest control program with the fungus or as a model for the construction of new pesticides with high compatibility.

Present study was conducted to evaluate the side effects of the extract of Calotropis procera (Wit.) (Asclepiadaceae), Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae) and Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae) in comparision with imidachloprid on life table parameters of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) under controlled condition. Life table of 25 first instar larvae of C. carnea that exposed to sublethal concentration of chemicals (i.e., LC25) were studied using a completely randomized design with four replicates. The 1st instar larvae of C. carnea (n=100) were treated to sublethal concentration of the extracts and imidachloprid by Potter Spray Tower. The life table data were analyzed by Age-stage, two-sex life table. R. Communis extraction caused the lowest survival rate (57 days) and oviposition period (52 days). The results of population parameters in first instar larvae of C. carnea revealed that there were significant differences between net reproductive rate (R0 or NRR), gross reproductive rate (GRR), intrinsic rates of increase (rm), finite rate of increase () and mean generation times (T). Significant differences were found among all treatments and control in intrinsic rates of increase parameter. This parameter significantly decreased in treatments of L. inermis, imidacloprid and R. Communis. Intrinsic rates of increase of L. inermis (0.076±0.002), imidachloprid (0.077±0.002), R. communis (0.082±0.003) and C. procera (0.095±0.004) were significantly lower than control (0.110±0.002).

The chickpea plant is one of the important hosts of leaf miner Agromyza sp. (Dip; Agromyzidae) in Iran. An experiment was carried out to compare yellow and blue sticky cards in chickpea field from last decade of May until the end of July 2010 in Khomeyn, Iran. Experimental design was based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments of sticky traps and a non sticky trap in 3 replications. Treatments were with installing “1 yellow -1 blue” (B), “2 yellow -2 blue” (C), “4 yellow -4 blue” (D) and “8 yellow -8 blue” cards (E). There was a significantly different among treatments at 1% level. The treatments were named into 2 groups (a) and (b). Treatment (B) and (C) were in group (a) and treatments (D) and (E) in group (a). Also increasing the number of blue cards had no effectiveness on trapping leaf miners compare to yellow cards in chickpea field.

Pomegranate Punica granatum L (Punicacae) is one of the major orchard crops in Iran, wich leads pomegranate production in the world. The carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zell. (Lep.: Pyralidae) is the most important pest reducing the quality and quantity of pomegranate trees products. We investigated the effects of the application of plant gum extracted from Ferula assafoetida L, (Apiaceae) and sex pheromone following push pull strategy for pest control.Field experiment was conducted during 2010-2011 on 18-yr old trees (Malas Yazdi variety) planted in the orchards of the Agricultural Research Center of Yazd using randomized complete block design. Four treatments: gum extract spray, natural sex pheromone traps, gum extract + pheromone traps (push-pull) and control were tested in this field experiment. In order to optimize the effect of distance and duration, five treatments were applied including one and two pheromone trap with 10 and 15 days period of gum extract application in comparing with control. Results of damage estimation on plants showed that all three treatments reduced the pest damage except control; however, ‘push-pull’ method of application had the lowest damage. In addition, one pheromone trap in each block with gum extract sprayed every 15 days is proven to be the best method.

E. agricola Boisduval (Lep. Noctuidae) is the most important pest on of tumbleweed Gundelia tournefortii L. in Kohgiloyeh Va Boyerahmad, Iran. The larvae feed on the leaves and make damages on host plant. This study was carried out on E. agricola life cycle from 2010 to 2011. The sampling was carried out weekly in nature.,The eggs were collected from the nature and reared under laboratory conditions (27 ± 1º C and 24 ± 1º C, % 65 ± 10 RH and 16:8 L:D).Results indicated that the adults emerged gradually from hibernated larvae in April. This moth has one generation a year. Incubation periods of eggs were 2.9 ± 0.1 and 3.8 ± 0.1 days; developmental periods of larvae were 17.1 ± 0.4 and 20.1 ± 0.5 and for pupae 14.7 ± 0.5 and 9.8 ± 0. days under temperatures of 27 and 24 º C at the laboratory conditions respectively. The total period from egg to adult was 28.6 ± 0.7 and 32.7 ± 0.5 days in 27 and 24 º C respectively at laboratory conditions.

To alleviate insect pest problems in storage, synthetic pesticides are recommended, but their use may create toxicity to non-target organisms, development of resistance and residues in treated products. Under such circumstances the need for research to find a safe, convenient, durable and economically logical method is necessary. The application of repellents could be considered as a new control method in storage. In this study the repellency effect of Coconut soap (Palizin®) was assayed on Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Lasioderma serricorne (F.). Adults and larvae of T. castaneum and L. serricorne exposed to 0, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10% concentration of Coconut soap (Palizin®) (botanical compound) using three techniques such as: filter papers, Y- shape Busvine tube and leaky glass bioassays. In each of three methods, the maximum repellency effect of Coconut soap (Palizin®) was in concentration of 10%, and, the quantities were equal to 78.87, 74.27 and 56.93% for adults of T. castaneum and 72.70%, 85.86% and 45.60% for L. serricorne in Petri-dish, Y- shape Busvine tube and leaky glass techniques respectively.

During 2008-2009, in oribatid mites study of south of Iran, six genera belonging to six families were collected that five specimens were identified at level of species. Among which, three genera and two species that marked by an asterisk are recorded for the first time from Iran. The species of Hypozetes translamellatus has the most numerically specimens in sampling sites. The family of Scheloribatidae (Scheloribates sp.) has the highest total identified species. Acording to sampling data the families of Scheloribatidae, Tegoribatidae and Oribatulidae have the highest distribution in sampling sites respectively. Scientific name of each genus and species is presented: Heptacarus
sp., (Lohmanniidae); Damaeolus asperatus
(Berlese, 1904), (Damaeolidae); Oribatula (Zygoribatula) undulata Berlese, 1916, (Oribatulidae); Scheloribates fimbriatus Thor, 1930. S. praeincisus (Berlese, 1910), (Scheloribatidae); Hypozetes
translamellatus
Wallwork, 1965, (Tegoribatidae); Lamellobates
sp., (Mycobatidae).

The were studied fauna of ladybirds (Col:Coccinellidae) on pastures Astragalus adscendes (Boiss. & Hausskn 1903), (Fabaceae) meantime with practical collection and releasing psyllid Gazangabin Cyamophila astragalicola (Gegechkori 1977), (Hom.: Psyllidae) insects on Astragalus adscendens during 2007 to 2010 in Lorestan province. ladybirds collected are as follows: Henosepilachna argus (Geoffroy, 1762)*, Chilocorus bipustulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Exochomus flavipes (Thunberg, 1781), E. quadripustulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Scymnus apetzi (Mulsant, 1846), Hyperaspis reppensis (Herbst, 1783)**, Coccinnula sinuatomarginata (Faldermann, 1837*, Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus, 1758), Hippodamia variegata (Goeze, 1777), Oenopia conglobata (Linnaeus, 1758), O. oncina (Olivier, 1808), Species marked with symbol (*) are new for Lorestan province and specie that marked with (**) is new for Iranian fauna. In this survey from total of 11 species ladybird were collected, 9 genus directly were busy feeding from nymphs and adults Cyamophila astragalicola and were collected 2 genus Scymnus and Henosepilachnas in position hibernation on shrubs Astragalus adscendens. Only one species Henosepilachna argus was phytophagous. Species that is new for the fauna of Iran and Lorestan province have been confirmed by Dr. Fursch from Germany.