مجله پژوهشهای گیاهی (زیست شناسی ایران)
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 3 (پاییز 1393)

Matricaria chamomilla L. is one of the most important medicinal plants which it grows among 50-80 cm hight. It has the yellow and ray flowers in central of florescence and the white and disk flowers in margin. Heavy metal is an important contamination in environment that they are very toxic، although، their concentration is low. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of lead on structural characteristics and inflorescence development in M. chamomilla. Plants in vegetative stage treated with contaminated hydroponic in 5 treatments (0، 60،120،180،240 µM) with 3 repeat in per treatment for 21 days. Anatomical characteristics of pollen grains affected by lead contamination، also optical microscope studies indicated structural changes in natural shape of pollen grains. Decreased the size of them and decreased the diameter of wall in pollen sac. Also the results of study of pistil in cross section did not show any changes in diameter of ovule but diameter of ovum is different in terminal stage. Results indicated that in terminal stages of flower development، anatomical characters changes of pollen grains and flowers have increased with Pb concentration increasing to 240 µM.

The study was carried out to determinate the best combination of plant growth regulators during indirect explants regeneration on callogenesis of Capsicum annuum. Effects of different concentrations and combination of auxins (NAA, IBA and 2, 4- D) and cytokinins (BAP and Kin) in MS medium were evaluated on indirect regeneration of cotyledonary, hypocotyle, root and shoot tip explants. Regeneration of cotyledon derived calli and elongation of regenerated shoots showed the best results in MS medium supplemented with 3 mg.l-1 BAP and 1 mg.l-1 IBA. Also elongated shoots were mostly rooted on the same MS medium containing activated charcoal. After acclimatization, 90-95% of the rooted plantlets were transferred to the greenhouse condition and grew normally. The study was carried out to determinate the best combination of plant growth regulators during indirect explants regeneration on callogenesis of Capsicum annuum. Effects of different concentrations and combination of auxins (NAA, IBA and 2, 4- D) and cytokinins (BAP and Kin) in MS medium were evaluated on indirect regeneration of cotyledonary, hypocotyle, root and shoot tip explants. Regeneration of cotyledon

The genus of Chaerophyllum macropodum belongs to Umbelliferae family which used as spice. Alsoin Iran and Turkey it has been used for cheese production. In addition, it is traditionally believed by local people that this plant has antibacterial activity. C. macropodum were collected from northwest mountains of Aleshtar in Lorestan province, Iran. Collected plant materials were dried in shade and were hydrodistillated using a clevenger apparatus. The oil was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The anatomical studies were carried out using distaining method with brown bismark and methyl green. GC and GC/MS analysis of the essential oil resulted in the identification of 20 compounds, representing the 97.6% the total oil. Major constituents of the oil were myristicin (23.2%), p-cymene (16.7%), trans-ocimene (10.2%), sabinene (8.8%), cis-ocimene (7.3%) and spathulenol (6.1%). The anatomical studies showed that, secretory canals were found in differend regions of stem, especially in the near of collanchyma tissues.

Unicellular green alga Dunaliella has capability to accumulate massive beta-carotene in its chloroplasts under unsuitable conditions. In this study D.bardawil and D.salina were cultured on mediums containing 1M, 2M and 3M of NaCl at 25°C in six replicate. After two weeks, when beta-carotene content was increased, samples were transferred to 0°C and after 8h they were returned to 25°C. Then parameters of Chl-a fluorescence was measured and its parameters were evaluated. According to the result, amount of beta-carotene in D. bardawil especially in 3M NaCl was higher than D. salina. In addition, analysis of fluorescence parameters such as FV/Fo (activity of the water-splitting complex), φPo (electron transport to pheophytin and QA), ψo (electron transport from QA to QB), φEo (electron transport in electron transport chain), φRo (reduction rate of end acceptor of electron transport chain) and φDo (rate of energy dissipation) indicated less changes in D. bardawil than D. salina in 3M NaCl when return to 25°C. According to the result, it seems that in the medium containing high concentration of NaCl, D. bardawil has better recovery when transferred from 0°C to 25°C. In such condition, D. bardawil is able to accumulate more beta-carotene than D. salina and in turn is able to protect PSII reaction centers.

The aim of this study was to investigate Autecology of Montpellier maple sub. Species in Fars Province Forest. The results showed that Montpellier maple is distributed from an altitude of 1900 m up to 2750 m. in Firouzabad area, Montpellier maple more is found in northern and eastern slopes. in Sepidan area, this sub. species is found in southern slopes and related direction of the south. Number of seeding crop trees of Montpellier maple is higher in the upper elevations.Results from CCA analysis revealed that plots which have a positive correlation with the first and second axis are located at area with higher water saturation, EC, Caco3 and clay and plots which have a negative correlation with the second axis are located at areas with lower water saturation, EC and clay.

Environmental pollution with heavy metals is increasing and lead is one of the most important pollutants of environmental. Pb not only affects plant growth and productivity but also enters into the food chain causing health hazards to man and animals. In this research Solanum melongena L. was selected and studied on ovule developmental stages of Eggplant, which is one of the main agricultural plants in Asia and Africa continent. For this aim, set this project as CRD design with 4 treatments including different concentrations of lead acetate 0mM, 3mM, 6mM and 9mM, were spread on the experimental plants. Then collect buds and flowers in different developmental stages and fixed in FAA 70, then subjected for developmental studies and studied with light microscopy after sectioning. Results of microscopically studies showed that lead treatment could influenced developmental staged of ovule. Degeneration of nuclei in embryo sac and changes in embryo sac include destroy of embryo sac, prevent of shaping embryo sac and plasmolysis in nucellus tissue.

In order to study on effect of osmopriming on seed germination of Pinus eldarica Medw under drought stress, a factorial experiment in randomized completely design carried out at the laboratory of Tarbiat Modares University with three replications and four levels of priming (control and osmopriming with duration 24, 48 and 72 hours) and eight levels of drought stress (0, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10, -12 and -14 bar) by Polyethylene glycol 6000. For this purpose, the seeds were kept for 35 days in germinator at 20 ± 0.5 °C. The results indicated that priming and drought stress and their interaction had significant effect on germination percent, germination speed, germination energy and vigor index. The highest and lowest mean of germination parameters was observed in osmopriming with duration 72 hour under 0 bar and control under -6 bar respectively, except mean germination time. In interaction of priming and drought stress, germination traits in control seeds inhibited in drought levels more than -6 bar but germination in primed seeds continued until drought -14 bar.

Ruderal and Segetal species of some biotops inside of Bushehr city were studied regarding to studies of urban ecology between 2008-2009. This study was performed for the first time, a total of 111 wild plant species, belonging to 39 families and 99 genera were collected and identified.Family grasses (Poaceae) with about 19% more plant species in comparison with other families was collected. Asteraceae family (Asteraceae) with 13.5 % and the beet family (Chenopodiaceae), with 8%, respectively, are lower ranked. Most of the life form of species observed Therophytes related species, with 63%, hemicryptophytes, with 19%, phanaerophytes, with 9%, geophytes with 5.4 % and finally chamaephytes with 3.6 % is in the second semester are. Comparing the average number of species available in selected Biotops show: the environment with less in ference of humans, have the highest species diversity. hemeroby limits set under study for degrees, temporarily, between H3 (mesohemerob) to H6 (Polyhemerob) are presented.

In this study, the effect of exogenous ascorbic acid treatment, as a strong antioxidant, on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant system and oxidative stress was investigated in Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Carlton in vitro. Explants were cultured in liquid MS medium containing different concentrations of ascorbic acid (0, 0.5 and 1 m M) and NaCl (0 and 75 m M) for 4 weeks. NaCl stress reduced growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids, ascorbate pool, phenolics content and increased lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, H2O2 level, proline content and the activity of lipoxygenase (LOX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR). Ascorbic acid via increasing most enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GPOD, APX and GR) and most non-enzymatic antioxidants and proline, reduced lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, H2O2 content and LOX activity and leading to promote protective reactions which were reflected in improving plants growth parameters.

To develop an effective technique to reduce chilling injury (CI) in tomato fruit, the effects of treatments with 0, 3 and 6 µM brassinosteroids (BRs) on chilling injury, electrolyte leakage, contents of malondialdehyde, proline and total phenol and activities of phospholipase D (PLD), lipoxygenase (LOX) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), were investigated in tomato fruits stored at 1°C for 21 days. Treatments with BRs, especially at 6 µM, significantly ameliorated chilling injury, reduced electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content and increased proline content. PLD and LOX activities in fruits treated with BRs were significantly lower as compared with the control fruits. Also, fruits treated with BRs exhibited significantly higher PAL activity and total phenol content. These results suggest that that brassinosteroids has potential postharvest technology in ameliorating the chilling injury in tomato fruit.

The effect of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate elicitors on the growth speed and the secondary metabolites production was investigated in G.glabra hairy roots. Considering the importance of the Glycyrrhizin and Isoliquiritigenin secondary metabolites in the roots of this plant, a method of the induction of transformed hairy roots was used in this study. Hairy roots culture was established by Inoculated leaf and stem explants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes of the three-week old seedlings. The presence of T-DNA in the hairy root lines was performed by PCR. The effect of Salicylic acid was caused an increase in the production of Glycyrrhizin. Correlation of test results showed an inverse relationship between dry weight and amount of Glycyrrhizin in the treatment with salicylic acid. The highest amount of Glycyrrhizin and the lowest dry weight was obtained in 500 micro-molar concentration. Treatment of the hairy roots with salicylic acid was caused a significant decrease in Isoliquiritigenin. Also results showed, methyl jasmonate reduces the production of Glycyrrhizin and Isoliquiritigenin.

This stGall wasps fauna of Iran studied during the years 2001-2007 on six oak species included; Q.infectoria, Q.brantii, Q.libani, Q.macranthera, Q.petraea, Q.castaneifoliae. Among 78 gall wasps species collected and identified in these studies, 18 species are the new for science and 20 species were the new report for the country. Importance of gall wasps fauna of the country and a managing program for their`s protection in Zagross ecosystem is presented.The names of collected and identified oak gall wasps of Iran are as below:Andricus corruptrix, A. glandulae, A. inflator, A. cydoniae, A. malpighii, A. superfetationis, A. caliciformis, A. conglomeratus, A. dentimitratus, A. fecundator, A. gemmeus, A. kollari, A. lucidus, A. quercustozae, A. crispator, A. tomentosus, A. caputmedusae, A. sadeghii, A. infectorius, A. istvani, A. coriariformis, A. stellatus, A. atkinsonae, A. pujadevillari, A. schoenroggei, A. grossulariae, A. megalucidus, A. moreae, A. cecconii, A. curtisii, A. megatruncicolus, A. polycerus, A. sternlichti, A. multiplicatus, A. stonei, A. askewi, A. galeatus, A. curvator, A. coriarius, A. hystrix, A. csokai, A. assarehi, A. pseudoaries, A. chodjaii, A. solitarius, A. aries, A. giraudianus, A. theophrastea, Aphelonyx persica, Ap. cerricola Biorhiza pallida, Callirhytis glandium, Ca. reticulatus, Ca. rufescens, Cynips quercusfolii, Cy. korsakovi, Cy. loricatus, Cy. quercus, Cy. divisa, Cy. cornifex, Cy. distica, Cy. longiventris, Dryocosmus tavakolii, D. mikoi, D. caspiensis, D. israelii, Neuroterus lanuginosus, N. anthracinus, N. saliens, N. gyulaigaraiae, N. quercusbaccarum, N. numismalis, N. albipes, Pseudoneuroterus macropterus, Synophrus politus, S. olivieri, Trigonaspis synaspis, T. megaptera

Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. is one of the pasture and native plants in Iran that has a special value. Seeds of this species have shown dormancy that causes reduction of seed germination this plant. Therefore in this research, 2 factorial experiment with completely randomized design and with 3 replication carried out to evaluate the effect of duration of moist chilling, in 7-level, concentration of nitrogenous compounds (Potassium nitrate and Thiourea) in 3-level and application time nitrogenous compounds in 2-level (before and after chilling), on seed germination capacity and germination velocity. Also a factorial experiment design performed to evaluate the effect of the type, concentration and application time of the same nitrogenous compounds on growth parameters of developed seedlings from 10 weeks pre-chilled seeds. Results of research showed that 10 week moist pre-chilling has significant effect on seed germination this plant and increased seed germination and germination velocity. Concentrations of 0.2 % potassium nitrate, or 0.5 % thiourea had positive effect, but concentrations 0.6% potassium nitrate or 5% thiourea had a negative effect on seed germination. Treated with 0.2 % of potassium nitrate had no effect on root length and dry weight but increased length, fresh weight and dry weight of stems and root fresh weight in the level of 5 percent in compared to control. In contrast the concentration of 0.6 % potassium nitrate, all of these traits decreased in compared to control. In this study both thiourea concentrations inhibited seedling growth.

A large number of factors affects in the rise and fall of biomass and growth in microalgae populations. One of the most important factors is phosphorus (orthophosphate) in microalgae culture medium. In this study, effects of six treatments including; BBM (Bold’s Basal Medium) as control, BBM+soil extract, BBM+5, 10, 15, and 25 mg/L of Na3PO4.12H20 each as one treatment on dry biomass, growth and chlorophyll a of Chlorococcum sp. were investigated in completely randomize design with three replicates under laboratory conditions. Results showed that the maximum algal densities were peaked on 10-day culture with BBM+ 25 (11.04×106 cells/mL) and BBM+soil extract (11.54×106 cells/mL). In addition, the mean highest dry biomasses were obtained 0.792 and 0.773 mg/mL at BBM+soil extract and BBM+25, respectively. Results showed that the highest mean chlorophyll a was at BBM+ 25 (11.39 mg/L) and BBM+soil extract (11.20 mg/L). The mean maximum specific growth rate (SGR) and minimum doubling time (Dt) were obtained from BBM+ soil extract (0.128 /dayand 5.43 days) and BBM+25(0.124 /day and 5.60 days).

Cadmium is a heavy metal which causes environmental pollution and affects physiological and morphological activities of living organisms, especially plants. Selenium as an essential element has beneficial effects on tolerance enhancing of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this investigation, we used 0, 350, 700 µM of cadmium and 0, 1.5, 3 ppm of selenium as treatment. The results showed that cadmium stress decreased dry and fresh weight of seedlings, total chlorophyll content and catalase activity. Also an increase in the content of malondialdehyde, other aldehydes and hydrogen peroxide was observed. While when selenium was used, there was an increase in dry and fresh weight of seedlings, total chlorophyll content and catalase activity. The other effects of selenium were decreasing malondialdehyde, other aldehydes and hydrogen peroxide content. Our findings showed that under treatment of 700 µM cadmium and 3 ppm selenium, the amount of these elements more concentrated in leaves of treated plants compared with control. The results showed that the application of selenium caused significant alleviation of cadmium stress damages in wheat plant.

The present investigation was conducted to study the effects of different concentrations of NAA on Somatic embryogenesis induction, development and maturation of three strawberry (kurdistan, parose and camarosa) cultivars. For this purpose, leaf blade, nodal, petiole, stamen and flower bud calli were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented picloram at 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/L. The concentration of growth regulator, cultivar and explant type were found critical to Somatic embryogenesis induction, development and maturation. Results obtained from the studies revealed that all explants exception of petiole and stamen incubated on medium formed embryonic calli. MS medium supplemented 1mg/L NAA yielded the highest percentage of embryonic calli and number of embryos globular stage and 0.5 mg/L NAA yielded the highest Number of embryos cotyledonary stage in all types of explants. The leaf explant calli and paros cultivar were the most responsive to produce to Somatic embryogenesis induction, development and maturation.

The effect of physiographic factors on herbaceous species of Juniper stands in Hezar Masjed Mountains in the northern khorasan Razavi province was considered. Slope, aspect and altitude from sea level maps were. Random method performed for samping. Sixty quadrates of 1m2 were established. The results obtained from statistic tests showed none of the numerical indices showed significant changes in elevation gradient. Slope had significant effect on Shanoon-winer diversity index, N2Hile, Brillouin, as well as richness index of Margalef and Menhenik and modified Nee evenness. Also aspect effects on biodiversity indices showed that all indices except Margalef richness, modified Nee evenness was significantly different in aspect classes.