نشریه جغرافیا و مخاطرات محیطی
پیاپی 11 (پاییز 1393)

The Zagros Mountains present a great potential for paleo-environmental studies for the reconstruction climates of the late-Pleistocene and Holocene. Iranian Zagros Mountains form the northeastern boundary of the Fertile Crescent and Separating the Mesopotamian lowlands from the Iranian Plateau. It is postulated that Near East was a place for the domestication of plants and animals، and the question has been raised as to how far changes in climate and vegetation have stimulated the evolution of food production. So investigation of paleo-environment of the Zagros Mountains as a part of the Near East is very important. There are some major climatic systems over the Zagros Mountains which are very sensitive to the abrupt climate change. Change in the positions and intensities of these systems during the Quaternary could have influenced the paleo-environment of the region. In order to reconstruct these changes، evidence of Quaternary climate change in Zagros is necessary. Previous paleo-environmental researches have revealed general future of the paleo-climate of the Zagros Mountains during the late-Pleistocene and Holocene but yet more researches are needed to reveal details of past climates of Zagros. Hashilan Wetland located in central Zagros، containing 12 m of sediment dating back into Pleniglacial time، is a suitable site for better understanding both paleo-climate and palaeo-environment of the not only Zagros region but also Near East during the last 40000 years. Here we used pollen analysis for reconstructing the past vegetation and paleoclimate of Hashilan Wetland located in Kermanshah province. Study Area: Hashilan Wetland is located in the vast plain of Hashilan in the Kermanshah province، Central Zagros. Formation of this type of wetland in such areas is very notable. The wetland has a special form، so that there are many small islands (approximately 110 islands) on the surface of one side of the plain and strakes of water exist among these islands. Main input of the wetland is Sabzali spring in the north part of the plain. The plain is surrounded in both west and north by Khurrin Mountains (2500 m) and in south by Vais Mountains (1800). The study area is located in steppe region of the Zagros and oak trees do not exist in the catchment of the wetland. Asteraceae، Poaceae and Cyperaceae are the most common plants of the wetland. In the modern climate of the area more precipitation occurs in the cold seasons and summers are dry and hot.

In the spring of the 2012، a 12 meters long sediment core was retrieved from Hashilan Wetland using Russian corer and here we performed pollen analysis on its 5 uppermost. In order to pollen analysis، the core was sub-sampled in 20، 10 and sometimes 5 centimeter intervals. Samples were processed according to Moore et al (1991) with a modification. Lycopodium tablets were added to calculate the pollen concentrations (Stockmarr 1971). The samples were treated with a sequence of 10% KOH (to break up sediment and remove humic acids)، 10% HCl acid (to remove carbonates)، 48% HF acid (to remove silicates: sand، silt، clay)، acetolysis (to remove some organic matter، cleaning and staining the surface of the pollen grains)، and tertiary butanol. Finally the sample were stored in silicon oil and mounted on slides for examination using a light microscope at 400× magnification. Pollen determination was performed using some pollen atlases such as (Moore et al.، 1991; Demske et al.، 2013)، pollen reference slides of palaeo-climatology laboratory of geography faculty of university of Tehran، and pollen and spore websites of Arizona and Australia. More than 300 total land pollen grains were counted for each spectrum except for the spectra of 185، 195، 225، 235 and 245 cm which had exceptionally low pollen concentrations. Pollen of aquatic plants، riparian and pine trees were excluded from the total pollen sum. Pollen percentages were calculated in Polpal Excel and the pollen diagrams were created by Polpal Diagram (PP Diag.) software. Three radiocarbon dates were obtained at the Poznan Radiocarbon Laboratory from 80، 755 and 1193 cm depth of the core which respectively those ages are 2100 ± 25 BP، 31500 ± 300 BP and 39500 ± 700 BP. These three AMS dating showed the core is belonging to the Holocene and Late-Pleistocene.

After the experimental stages and counting the pollen grains، the pollen data was displayed in the form of pollen diagrams. The pollen diagrams were zoned using constrained cluster analysis by sum-of-squares (CONISS) as an option within Polpal software. The pollen diagrams were zoned into 8 pollen assemblage zones (PAZs) and these PAZs were interpreted from viewpoint of palaeo-climatology. H-1 to H-5 PAZs belong to the late Pleistocene and H6 to H8 PAZs belong to the Holocene. Late-Pleistocene represents treeless vegetation and is marked by steppe plants such as Artemisia، Chenopodiaceae، and Poaceae. The Late-Pleistocene has divided into 5 pollen assemblage zone (PAZ) based on changes in frequency of these major steppe plants. With the onset of the Holocene steppe vegetation has changed into pistachio-oak savanna and Poaceae increased abruptly at the expense of Chenopodiaceous and Artemisia. Furthermore، Aquatic plants have increased and riparian plane trees have appeared. Drought tolerant shrubs of Amygdalus have been a component of the vegetation cover in the early Holocene. In this time، the wetland has been desiccated sometimes. In spite of these changes the oak trees could not expand and a limiting factor prevented the expansion of these trees. Gradually، frequency of the oak trees has increased and ultimately in the mid-Holocene open oak woodland has expanded and its frequency remained constant until now.

Hashilan Wetland has a great potential for high-resolution paleonological investigation for the reconstruction of the vegetation and climate change during the Late-Pleistocene and Holocene. A pollen record prepared from the Hashilan Wetland shows some major changes in vegetation and climate. The general patterns of vegetation change are consistent with previous studies from western Iran and southeastern turkey (van Zeist and Bottema 1977; Wick et al.، 2003). The late-Pleistocene Artemisia- Chenopodiaceae steppes imply a cool، dry climate. Based on some minor changes in the frequency of these steppe plants، PAZs of H1، H3 and H5 are drier than H2 and H4. The palynological evidences of vegetation change in the early Holocene such as: (I) development of drought tolerant pistachio trees and Amygdalus shrubs، (II) limitation of oak growth، (III) growth of riparian trees along water bodies، and (IV) desiccation of the wetland imply a long dry season in the warm period of the year which due to significant increase in temperature the precipitation-evaporation ratio (P-E ratio) has became strongly negative during this dry season. So we concluded that in the early Holocene precipitation has been limited to cold season of the year and duration of the hot، dry season has been longer than today. Gradually by development of precipitation duration، the hot، dry season has become shorter. These changes in seasonality led to rise in precipitation-evaporation ratio and climate amelioration. This new condition allowed oak trees to expand and oak woodland increased at the expense of pistachio-oak savanna in the mid-Holocene. As we see in the pollen diagram (figure 2) constant frequency of oak woodland since the mid-Holocene until present indicates that modern climatic regime of the central Zagros has been established from the mid-Holocene. Paleontological evidences reveal that human interferences have affected the environment and vegetation during last millennia. More dating are required to high-resolution analysis of the whole core in order to reveal details of changes in vegetation and climate during both late-Pleistocene and Holocene.

Weathering is crushing، decomposition and decaying the rocks of outer Earth''s crust by natural processes such as; running waters، wind blowing and ice creeping and biological actions and so on. The study of weathering is important because this process lead to formation of all known of soil types in outer part of earth crust finally. Climate is the most important parameter in creation of weathering and crops of it. Two climatic variables that have a clear role in weathering is air temperature and precipitation. Louise Peltier by using of these two variables defined some variety of weathering realm in several graphs. Weathering zones used in this paper are based on models that Peltier has offered. Study area: The study area includes a non-regular quadrilateral limited to cities of Khorramabad (48o 17'' E، 33 o 26'' N)، Kashan (51o 27''E، 33o 59'' N)، Yazd (54o 17'' E، 31o 54'' N) and Yasooj (51o 41 E، 30 o 50'' N). Area total of 88711 km2، which is 5. 38% of the total area of the Iran country. The area selected so that covers the part of Zagros mountain and west central plains between Kashan and Yazd.

Because the importance of air temperature and precipitation on weathering، at first attempt to produce map of average annual temperature and precipitation of study region. By using data of 22 meteorological stations through IDW interpolation method and then PRIMS method rainfall and air temperature zoning was performed by GIS. Then two mentioned maps convert to a dual-band image using ENVI software and by using MATLAB program the constituent pixels was analyzed and was extracted with TEXT format. By importing above mentioned data and Peltier graphs coordinates in GIS، and by the pixel positioning relative to the defined area in Peltier graphs، weathering character of any pixel identified and the weathering map of study area were made.

In this study، mean air temperature and precipitation have used for preparing the weathering zones map for a study area based on the original graphs of Peltier. These maps are including chemical weathering، freezing action، composite weathering، pluvial erosion، mass movements، wind action and morphogenetic regions. Since the study area is only 5. 38% of the total area of Iran، the 9 categories specified by Peltier graph، there are 6 types in study area. The results show that the west of central plains belongs to arid and semiarid morphogenetic regions، where there is a weak chemical weathering and in contrast wind action has a major factor for weathering. The realm of Savanna and temperate regions are often belonged to Zagros Mountains that marked by moderate chemical weathering and pluvial erosion، and mass movements in Zagros is more than the eastern parts of study area. In very small mountainous area near the Shahrekord and Yasooj with 28 Km2، freezing action has modest role in the destruction of the rocks and the rest of the Zagros mountains have weak freezing. But west of central plains does not have freezing action. 5. ConclusionThe applicable results show that if maps being fragmented to smallest components or pixels then determining of each pixel weathering feature lead to better map production with good accuracy. Also results show that in all of the morphogenetic and weathering maps، the role of Zagros valleys and ridges is quite evident for variety in morphogenetic and weathering areas.

The evidence of geology show that in all of times earth have been threatened by nature forces that may be earthquake is the strongest phenomenon among them. Earthquake is one of the phenomenons of planet that have killed the thousands of people and have damaged to assets of people. Earthquake by reason of expansion of territory and also expanse and intense of its damage is the most popular natural disasters of world. Earthquake is one of the disastrous natural phenomena، and has direct، indirect، functional، secondary، long- time and short-time effects on human and rural- urban settlements. On August 21st، two earthquakes struck East Azerbaijan Province at 16:53 and 17:04respectively with a magnitude 6. 2 and 6. Varzaghan، Ahar and Harsin cities has been the focus of most damages. By the time this report was written، official reports of loss of life have declared 327 deaths and more than 3،000 injured. Based on seismograms’ records in the national broadband seismic network of IIEES، the epicenter of these events، were: 38/55 degrees north latitude and 46/87 degrees east for the first one and second earthquake coordinates 38/58 degrees north latitude and 46/78 degrees east. Depth of both earthquakes has been reported to be about 10 km. The area is subject to earthquakes، and in 2012 a number of people were killed when two earthquakes، magnitude 6. 4 and a 6. 3 struck on the afternoon of 11 August. Earthquake has some economic، political، social، psychological، cultural and skeletal consequences. This research is tried to investigate these consequences in the period of renovation in rural areas of Varzeghan. The research is intended to find an answer to this question: “what are effects of earthquake in rural areas”. In this relation، the theoretical framework of the Earthquake is investigated، and by presenting a theoretical model، the effects of earthquake in rural areas is investigated. Study Area: Varzeghan County is a county in East Azerbaijan Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Varzeghan. At the 2006 census، its population was 3،549، in 930 families. The city is famous for the Sungun copper mine، 25 km from the city centre، which is estimated to have 3 percent of the known copper reserves in the world. Farming is the predominant occupation in the rural areas. The area produces apple، pear، cherry، walnut and apricot fruit. Recently spruce trees have been planted as the start of a forestry industry. Cold water fish farming has been started. Varzeghan is a mining centre for base metal mining، as well as gold. The Sungun copper mine is now the largest copper mine in northwestern Iran. The deposit itself is one of the largest copper deposits in the world. There are nearby gold mines at Shrfabad، Hyzjan، Tshkhsrv، Astrgan، Andryan and Myvhrvd. Method and Materials: The main object of the research is investigation of the effects of earthquake in rural areas in Varzeghan. The research method adopted here is descriptive- analytic، and data gathering procedure is based on library and field findings. The research sample is all of the rural settlers affected by earthquake in rural areas of Varzeghan. The total number of rural-settlers affected by earthquake was estimated 398، and the number of sample was calculated 131 individuals based on Cochran''s sample size formula. Reliability of the questionnaire was approved by scholars، and validity of the questionnaire was calculated 74-84% using Cronbach’s (alpha). Mean scores of rural- settlers opinions was calculated and prioritized to determine the effects of earthquake on rural areas from point of view of rural- settlers. Coefficient of variations was used to prioritize which is a relative index and make comparison of different variables possible. As the research showed stress and exacerbation of depression and dejection، disruption to the family relationships، physical pain، disability to perform daily activities and social disintegration were among the most important prioritized factors. The research findings showed that the effects of earthquake in rural areas are as follows: change in the pattern of food consumption، changes in jobs، loss of productivity، instability in the economic relations، change in trade and economic functions، lack of access to health services، disruption to social communication and reduce in communicational infrastructures، disruption to investments، loss of property، loss of life expectancy، loss of job satisfaction، lack of access to adequate food، disruption to family relationships، physical pain، social disintegration، severe damage to the social networks، reduce in integration and interaction between people، homelessness and the sense of personal and social disability، death of families، reduce in social tendencies، increase in stress، depression and dejection، increase in conflicts، fall of sphere of private life into the risk، decline in the demand، loss of self satisfaction، reduce in the feeling of being useful، social and economic insecurity، disability to perform daily activities، lack of access to health care and health services، water and soil pollution، disturbance in waste materials management، lack of access to the information، destruction of infrastructures and the destruction of housing، lands and work equipments.

Drought is one of the most complex problems not only in the management of water resources، but also creates economic and social issues. But the problem definition، identification and prediction of unresolved. The occurrence of drought can be caused by several factors، mainly rooted in the general circulation of the atmosphere and space physics، and Earth''s energy balance is sought. Continuous and prolonged drought and water shortages said. Drought indices to evaluate various aspects of the invention are wipe the index is often based on a measure of deviation from the mean long-term rainfall amounts over a specified period of time is based.. One of the most effective profiles، Standardized Precipitation Index SPI the first time by Mackay (1993) was used. Feature of this index is that it allows the researcher of drought and rain events occurred for each stage of defining the desired time. The drought has five main features are as follows: beginning and end of the period of persistence، intensity، frequency and scope.. These features are related to the drought is examined in each study.

The research and application of analytical and statistical is an approach to governing. The present study is based on annual rainfall of 22 -year drought in the province from 1988 to 2010 was performed. For this purpose، using data from the Survey of precipitation is 22 synoptic stations and rain. Because some data are incomplete meteorological stations using the ratio method، incomplete statistics were estimated. The zoning of the models and methods used in kriging IDW The fitting includes three power IDW 1، 2،3، and kriging with spherical model، circular، exponential، Gaussian and is And the use of radial basis function RBFdone. Also for spatial analysis and modeling of spatial autocorrelation Moran drought indicators and statistics will be used for general GTo the spatial pattern of drought and rural location in the province Mazandaran of space Analysis placed.

Based on interpolation models were extracted from the optimized model for zoning drought province Spline model is quite regular. Studies show that a very dry area 284،208. 5 square kilometers، 704،854 square kilometers little dry، dry، normal 483،280. 5 kilometers، 535،492. 1 kilometers normal wet and very wet zone and Framrtvb a total of 210،837. 01 square kilometers have been allocated to The results of application Moran index on the spatial distribution of drought، this coefficient is positive and equal Moran`s I = 0. 994307 good indicator of the spatial distribution of drought. Because the ratio of the number 1 indicates the focus tends to be higher. Since the Z Score = 6. 9462 calculated sig. I = 0. 01 confidence level greater than the expected value (EI = 2. 58) is، therefore، welcome the spatial distribution of precipitation Moran coefficient is confirmed. Welcome to the spatial distribution of rainfall as a result of the Moran coefficient is confirmed. General G statistic analysis results show that parts of West and West Coast and parts of the province is a hot area، The Z score of 6. 518083، which is significant at a confidence level of 01/0. From the results obtained، The correlation matrix of the table، we can say that the level of trust between area clusters 0/01 hot and cold، drought and rural location، there Mazandaran. However، this amount is equal to 0/914 direct (positive) population.

The results are quite regular completely regularized spline determine the best model 0/45. The results of the application of Moran''s index of spatial distribution of drought، the coefficient is positive and equal Moran''s = 0/99 representing the cluster spatial distribution of drought. According to Moran index can identify a variety of statistical analyzes using the general classification of spatial patterns should G This shortcoming was capped. General statistics G analysis results show that drought areas located on the other side of the cluster is focusing on drought enjoy. The area of each cluster of villages was calculated based on. Calculations show very hot clusters about% 35/21 of the land area is just over 753 villages. Slightly cool to slightly warm the total area covers 1،245 villages while clustering is % 37/17. The results indicate that the correlation between the number of clusters and villages confidence level of 99 /0% error level 004 / 0، which is a direct relationship، but much weaker. With increasing cluster size is relatively low added.

Global warming and its result، climate change is an important subject investigated especially in the recent decades by researchers throughout the world. In these studies، at first، climatic parameters changes are investigated. Considering many uncertainties in the parameters estimation، it is better to choose a method in order to study and analyze the uncertainty band due to different sources of uncertainty. To investigate climate change impact on different sources in the future periods، at first climatic parameters should be simulated under climate change effect. Various methods simulate the parameters، but the most valid method is application of AOGCM (Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model). A general circulation model is a three-dimension mathematical model of the general circulation of a planetary atmosphere or ocean and based on the Navier–Stokes equations on a rotating sphere with thermodynamic terms for various energy sources (radiation، latent heat). These equations are the basis for complex computer programs commonly used for simulating the atmosphere or ocean of the Earth. Atmospheric and oceanic GCMs (AGCM and OGCM) are key components of global climate models along with sea ice and land-surface components. AOGCMs are widely applied for weather forecasting، understanding the climate، and projecting climate change. One of the most important uncertainty sources in climate change field is related to AOGCMs and emission scenarios which makes different outputs for climatic variables. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have been recorded continual increases since the 1950s، a phenomenon that may significantly alter the global and local climate characteristics، such as temperature and available water resources. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) predicted that the world mean temperature will be increased up to 1°C by the year 2050 and up to 3°C by the end of the next century. Estimates of global warming are generally based on the application of general circulation models (GCMs)، which attempt to predict the impact of increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations on the weather variables. Owing to the complex mechanism in the atmosphere motion and the uncertainty of the model structure، different GCMs produce different predictions. Study Area: In this study، Mashhad synoptic station is chosen as the study area. The station is located in north east of Iran with 59 degrees 38 minutes of eastern longitude and 36 degrees 16 minutes of northern latitude. Its elevation is 999 meters from sea level. The situation of the region is showed in Figure 1. In this paper، investigating the uncertainty band due to fifteen AOGCMs (including BCM2، CGMR، CNCM3، CSMK3، FGOALS، GFCM21، GIAOM، HADCM3، HADGEM، INCM3، IPCM4، MIHR، MPEH5، NCCCSM and NCPCM) under three emission scenarios including A1B، A2 and B1، changes of minimum temperature، maximum temperature، and rainfall parameters in Mashhad synoptic station located in Ghareghom basin are studied. Also LARS-WG model is used for downscaling. Studying outputs of different models، it is tried that emission scenarios analysis for each parameter is done and uncertainty band due to fifteen models for emission scenarios is drawn. These band show possible changes for the studied parameters in the future period to the past one. AOGCMs are the most suitable tools to study climate change phenomenon، but regarding large-scale spatial resolution of these models، regional scale is not possible. In other words، the models simulate climatic parameters in large scale whereas comparing the output for historical periods with observed data shows difference. Therefore، various methods of downscaling are created. LARS-WG is a stochastic weather generator which can be used for the simulation of weather data at a single site under both current and future climate conditions. These data are in the form of daily time-series for a suite of climate variables، namely، precipitation (mm)، maximum and minimum temperature (°C) and solar radiation (MJm-2day-1). Stochastic weather generators were originally developed for two main Firstly، providing a means of simulating synthetic weather time-series with statistical characteristics corresponding to the observed statistics at a site، but which were long enough to be used in an assessment of risk in hydrological or agricultural applications. Secondly، to provide a means of extending the simulation of weather time-series to unobserved locations، through the interpolation of the weather generator parameters obtained from running the models at neighboring sites. The most recent version of LARS-WG has undergone a complete redevelopment in order to produce a robust model capable of generating synthetic weather data for a wide range of climates. LARS-WG has been compared with another widely-used stochastic weather generator، which uses the Markov chain approach at a number of sites representing diverse climates and has been shown to perform at least as well as، if not better than، WGEN at each of these sites (Semenov et al، 1998). To validate LARS-WG model، observation data and simulated one in the base period (1976-2005) for values of minimum temperature، maximum temperature and rainfall for each month are drawn in graphs. For each three parameters the model could have suitable accuracy that maximum differences are 0. 6°c (May)، 0. 7° (November) and 0. 14 mm (January)، respectively. Maximum and minimum uncertainty band of minimum temperature parameter are for A1B (12. 5°c in year) and B1 (11. 7°c in year) scenarios، respectively. These values for maximum temperature parameter are for A1B (15. 7°c) and A2 (11. 3°c) scenarios، and finally for rainfall parameter are for A1B (3. 5 mm in year) and B1 (3. 1 mm in year). Increasing minimum temperature for the future period for A1B، A2 and B1 are between (0. 5-1. 4°c)، (0. 7-1. 6 °c) and (0. 7-1. 7°c)، respectively. The values for maximum temperature parameter in the same order are (0. 3-1. 6°c)، (0. 5-1. 5°c) and (0. 4-1. 6°c). For rainfall all the scenarios have approximately -0. 1 to +0. 2 mm changing values. LARS-WG is able to simulate climatic parameters in the base period، since the modeled parameters and observation ones have high closeness in all months. The uncertainty due to emission scenarios for different parameters is varied. The results indicate the highest uncertainty band is related to A1B scenario، but about the lowest one various conclusions are achieved. In other words، B1 scenario for minimum temperature and rainfall parameters and A2 scenario for maximum temperature parameter are introduced. Finally، Estimation of long duration changes in climatic and hydrological variables concludes necessity of appropriate management of water resources considering impacts of climatic changes، especially for the regions having arid and semi-arid climate like the studied region.

The concept of sustainable travel and transport is embedded in the broader concept of sustainable development، which relates to maintaining or improving the quality of human life and variety of social opportunities within the natural constraints and limits of the global ecosystem. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2004) defines an environmentally sustainable transport system as ‘‘one where transportation does not endanger public health or ecosystems and meets needs for access consistent with use of renewable resources below their rates of regeneration and use of non-renewable resources below the rates of development of renewable substitutesThe main purpose of this paper is assess the ecological resources، for the purposes of transportation within the city of Mashhad in analogy with the biological capacity of the metropolis and providing appropriate sustainability strategies and patterns using ecological footprintStudy Area: Mashhad، Iran''s second largest metropolitan area of 350 square kilometers or 35،000 hectares and a population of 3،009،295 people in 2012، it is estimated According to statistics، daily over Than 800 thousand vehicles traffic in Mashhad and annually about 40 thousand cars to be imported to the urban street network. daily، 4 million 200 thousand Travel within the city and one million and 200 thousand people are displaced. According to statistics، the number of people visiting Mashhad for a day trip has increased from 3893932 in 2005 to 5876313 in 2011 or has growth 33. 7 perecent. The ecological footprint is an approach that aims to assess the human impact on the environment and represents the load on the environment and nature. This approach has been developed two decades ago by William Rees، a biologist and regional planning at the University of British Columbia، Canada (UBC)، in which the rate of annual needs of a country، a city، a neighborhood، or a family، based on the amount of land or Sea productive (in terms of ecology)، with existing technology is calculated The ecological footprint is divided into five separate categories of items: 1 - Food 2 - Housing، 3 - transportion، 4 - and 5- consumer goods - services. In this paper ecological footprint of transport has been calculated. So Determination of the ecological footprint from the consumption of fossil fuels and ecological nature is also important for Calculation of the absorption and desorption of carbon. Accordingly، each hectare of forest can absorb 100 Gygazhvl energy is equal to 1. 42 tons of carbon dioxide a year. To calculate the ecological footprint of transport an array of different activities That impact on the environment are considered، including carbon dioxide، methane، nitrogen oxides and carbon from fossil fuels and the preserve of vehicles، roads and transport infrastructure. The first step to calculate the ecological footprint of transportation in Mashhad، is Calculating the amount of land allocated to each sub-domains of this section. Mobility and transportation devoted 87785616 square meters of land in Mashhad equivalent per 0029/0 hectares. In the second step، each of the forms of energy and fossil fuel consumption in the transport sector consumed in a year is determined by the thermal value of each unit، all the same. Gasoline Among other energy، products more than 24 million Gygazhvl that alone makes up 69% of consumed energy. Holding per capita consumption and the equivalent of the land boom cognitive، ecological footprints of energy will be obtained for Mashhad city residents. Ecological capita fossil fuel per 100 Gygazhvl in one hectare equals 1. 42 tones of carbon dioxide per year.)The amount of ecologically productive land such as forests، which is required to attract all carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel use a man(the city''s energy consumption by more than 35 million Gygazhvl year to meet the need for transportation fuel، will produce roughly 497،554 tons of carbon. Energy consumption in the transport sector for every citizen of Mashhad isv11. 17 Gygazhvl equivalent per capita Ecological that for every 100 Gygazhvl on one acre 0. 11 acres for every person. Vast land area backup transportation for the city of Mashhad، north of the border sycamore and has spread south to Freeman Calculating the ecological footprint in the transportation field، it became clear that does not exist a balanced and rational relationship between the environment and support local biodiversity and the capacity of the city of Mashhad. The results show that energy consumption in the transport sector for every citizen of Mashhad 11. 17 Gygazhvl and its ecological equivalent per hectare per 100 Gygazhvl in a 11/0 acres for every person. so Mashhad population demand of 359،342 hectares، to eliminating their transportation needs. To achieve the goals of sustainable development، improve the investment climate in the energy sector and development of energy infrastructure، improve energy efficiency and energy saving and diversification of energy sources is essential.

Many of citizens living in urban areas are exposed to many dangers which the main result of the fire. Among the elements of fire stations and Land Use Services - Emergency towns which are vital role in protecting life and property against various disasters، particularly hazards are human. City of safety against fire hazards and safety guarantees in different land uses and urban Taxpayers important element of the charge. The layout and location of fire stations and the location and number of sites suitable for coating according to the characteristics of the citizens، current and anticipated financial and logistical possibilities for future development of the In this context، critical and immediate need is. Study AreaL: As one of the major cities of Mashhad، Iran''s second-largest city in the country، according to the statistics of the population، especially on holidays (due to the flexible nature of pilgrims in Mashhad)، seems to be insufficient and inappropriate location of urban facilities and equipment، problems citizens has created. On the other hand، in Mashhad، like other metropolitan cities are faced with the phenomenon of marginalization. the core of the physical development of the marginalized population، over time، have been ingested within the law، without any infrastructure and facilities، such spontaneously formed. 3. Material and Methods The research method is descriptive - analytical and practical aspects are described. A) Studies Library (documents and comments) B) Harvest field contains the geographic coordinates of spatial data like Hydrant valves. C) The use of GIS and Arc GIS 9. 3 software for locating fire stations through the implementation process: 1 - extract the effective parameters in the model proposed center location 2 - Selecting optimal locations for proposed using multi criteria decision making. D) Method of data analysis: the analysis of the research model using fuzzy logic and analytic hierarchy process is. This method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods.

The basic criteria are effective in locating fire stations. The process of locating fire stations after analyzing the current status of all stations in the city area - no proper access to such services by using fuzzy logic and analytic hierarchy process on 31 indicators grouped in five general measures of time، physical، population، numerous fires and accidents، and natural and infrastructural factors have been identified. Accordingly، the criteria for determining the location of the station، expert opinions and perceptions of fire safety services، field researcher، the optimal area of interest was determined. All of the above criteria through modeling in localization models using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to analyze the situation and identify the zones have been used to create new stations. Spatial analysis - location and identification of the optimal locations. After identifying the factors and parameters to locate the optimal area for the construction of new fire stations in the service area، fire safety services، based on data the layers of the needed data (twenty-five of the information layer Location and Description) formed ''s. Process analysis of existing fire stations and locate new zones. Step 1: Determine the overall goalStep 2: Determination of micro-objectives، criteria and selection models to identify the optimal zones. Step 3: Describe and analyze the data and identify indicators. Step 4: Identify the subject area of optimal (fuzzy logic model). Step 5: Identify zones of optimal combination of parameters (model AHP) Step 6: objective evaluation of the identified zones. Step 7: Identify the optimal marginal zones. Step 8: Identify and prioritize improvement areas.

Based on the analysis of existing fire stations and locate the optimal zone، create new stations in Mashhad (eight steps) were determined by the macro and micro targets. The optimal criteria for identifying zones on the 31 indicators in five main criteria of time، physical، population، numerous fires and accidents، natural causes and categories of infrastructure are examined. The set of indicators، analyzes the current status of all stations in the city area without proper access to such services was discussed. Next، a review of models and different methods and criteria and indicators used to evaluate the composition to attain the final zone، the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy logic models are used. Then، based on analysis conducted on 42 layers of GIS data production environments based on the specified models، 17 new stations were selected to create the optimal zone. In the final stage، based on the criteria for determining the location of stations، expert opinions Fire Department and field research، in addition to 30 fire stations available (up to 1386) 28 points optimized to create a new station (Map No. 4) designation and is suggested. Since the establishment of priorities proposed stations (of the time) needs to be a priority for them. The priority topic Create a new station on the map (4) is specified.

Defenseless spaces including areas with high vulnerability index in the cities due to the population growth and physical expansion on one hand and the exhaustion and destruction across the old areas on the other hand، nowadays are highly increased (Laidler، 2009). Urban defenseless spaces due to the high influence on urban life especially in order to the sense of fear of crime and insecurity in the city (Newman، 1996) have a high potential to research. The main property of the defenseless spaces is lack of social monitoring. In cities، where the traffic is low or if a crime occurs the opportunity to help someone who is violated is low، gives more audacity to criminals to commit a crime (Trancik، 1986). In addition، in this type of areas instability of population can be seen and is considered as one of the most important features of defenseless spaces. Thus undefended areas are one of the most suitable points for intruders and criminals. In other words because of physical structure defenseless spaces can have an important role in creating a sense of fear and insecurity (Mortazavi، 2002). This paper aims to clarify the concept of urban defenseless spaces and semantic analysis of experiences in the defenseless areas of Mashhad and revealing sense of fear and insecurity in these experiments around three axes: defenseless spaces، defensible spaces and the sense of fear and insecurity caused by undefended spaces are investigated. Systematic review of the records showed that defenseless spaces are defined with 4 physical and social characteristic including lack of visibility، lack of being surrounded and regulatory opportunities، beaten and old space، solitude and darkness. Study Area: Mashhad municipality is divided in to 13 regions and Zone 11 has selected as the study area of this research، this choice is according to the statistics of the transportation and traffic organization of Mashhad municipality that this region has the most underpass، and the reason can be clarified by the two purposed of the underpasses in this zone، one is for daily commute and the other one is because of starting Mashhad subway. The zone 11 of Mashhad Municipality in order to provide faster and easier access to civil services separated from zone 10 in 1995. This region is currently an area of 1. 800 hectares which includes 6. 16 percent of the entire city and is divided in to two areas and has approximately 222 thousand inhabitants which are about 7. 9 percent of the total population of the city. The research method is systematic review through records of the defenseless and showing the relationship between these spaces with a sense of fear and insecurity. Phenomenological approach is one of the most important methods of qualitative research. The main focus of phenomenological analysis is the study of conscious experience and its purpose is to describe the experience of social life as they are in real life. Phenomenology consider the person as part of environment and it helps creating a comprehensive description of the phenomenon experienced in order to understand its inherent structure. The experience of Pedestrians crossing some defenseless spaces and defensible spaces in Mashhad has been analyzed with the empirical phenomenology method. For this purpose 3 underpasses in zone 11 (one of them is before Esteghlal Square، one is in Vakilabad avenue، and the other one is in Kalantary Highway) in Mashhad which have had the maximum swing of defenseless properties and the opposite of defensible space، are selected purposefully and the experience of 12 participants under these underpasses has been analyzed. These experiences through in-depth interviews with passers has been readout، based on three methods of encoding text، (Open، axial and selective)، the resulting texts are analyzed. The first step in the process of text analysis is extraction of semantic units and then identifying their common meanings. The second step is identifying the Common points and Points of difference among the Passers which have had the experience of crossing the underpass. In addition، sufficient condition for the number of samples (limiting to 12 participant) was performed based on the principle of the data saturation. The phenomenological analysis of the experience of crossing the 12 participants of three underpasses which have had the maximum swing of the defenseless properties showed that firstly in these experiments 12 units of meaning including fear of violence، fear of harassment، feel a vacuum، feel unsafe exist. They can be found in the following categories overall sense as a sense of fear and insecurity categories. Secondly، in these experiences features of harassment occurrence، horror and dark are the subscription aspects in those underpasses which had the characteristics of defenseless spaces. And good light - the guard- crowd and high congestion are the subscription aspects in those underpasses which had the characteristics of defensible space and the use of underpasses and intense of fearness are the different aspects of the underpasses. Thirdly، lack of supervision، visibility، quiet and darkness، exhaustion and oldness are the most important elements of defenseless spaces (underpasses). Generally the results of this phenomenological experience of crossing the underpasses expresses the sense of fear among those who perforce or accidentally have used the underpass and their views and observations confirmed the defenseless of the space. Finally، according to the results of field observations in order to reduce sense of fear and to prevent the emergence of environmental opportunities for the criminals to commit a crime. It is recommended that in the design of underpasses color and light pollution should be avoided. Underpass should not be inscribed. In addition، the selected color in the space can help to feel comfortable or tension. Beginning and end of the underpass should be clear. It means that it should be balanced and be in a form of a straight line. U-shaped and L-shaped design of the underpasses should be avoided. Apart from all these aspects the most important principle in providing safety and comfort for Pedestrians passing an underpass is enough light. That''s why one of the fundamental principles of Oscar Newman''s theories is that، the crimes in day and night، have significant differences. So it is better that adequate consideration about lighting be given to the underpasses and burned out or broken bulbs be replaced on time. Phenomenological experience of crossing the bridge underpass in Mashhad among 12 passersby (Participants in the interviews) showed that Point against defenseless spaces، are defensible spaces that Newman introduced the defenseless spaces theory in 1996 (Newman، 1996:41). The features of defenseless spaces can not be generalized to all the bridges، but the results and the evidence suggests that the characteristics of the defenseless spaces should be visible in the environment. In the case of defenseless areas underpass and overpass bridges were also named، but the main problem is that every bridge underpass or overpass will not be considered as defenseless space. In terms of features، the continuous absence of people and activity disorder are effective characteristics in order to create a non-defense area and then a sense of fear and insecurity and because social factors in comparison to physical-social factors are more effective، Social factors also have a proportionally greater impact on creating defenseless areas.