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سال سیزدهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 48، بهمن و اسفند 1393)

Fumonisin B1 is a mycotoxin which can lead to neural defects, esophageal cancer, liver and kidney diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of nanocellulose conjugated with poly-lysine to remove fumonisin B1 in the different foodstuffs. First, nanocellulose was synthesized by acid hydrolysis, modified by citric acid, and conjugated with poly-lysine by cross-linker. In the next step, four foodstuffs including wheat flour, maize flour, rice flour, and cucumber were prepared, and serial concentrations of fumonisin B1 were added to them. Then, conjugated nanocellulose (2000 µg/mL) was separately added to each tube, and after incubation, the exact concentration of toxin in each tube was analyzed by HPLC. Finally, the percentage of adsorption for each tube was calculated, according to control. This study revealed that although the nanoparticles could adsorb fumonisin B1 in the all foodstuffs, but the highest adsorption (95%) was seen for cucumber. Also, results showed that there is direct relation between the percentage of adsorption and the initial concentration of fumonisin B1. In this study, for the first time, nanocellulose conjugated with poly-lysine was introduced as fumonisin B1 adsorbent, and may be used for removal of the toxin in the various foodstuffs.

Nitrate is known as a major water pollutant. This pollutant can cause health problems such as Blue Baby syndrome in infants and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Lack of a comprehensive study of the methods for nitrate removal from water requires introducing recent technologies of nitrate removal، characteristics، efficiency، and the way they affect on nitrate removal and advantages and disadvantages of each. This study was carried out on the surveys accomplished in recent decades and published in databases such as Elsevier، Google Scholar، Pub med، Scopus and SID using nitrate، water resources، biological and physicochemical methods as the keywords. In addition to economic efficiency، other approaches such as ion exchange، reverse osmosis، electro reduction methods، denitrification and absorption have also been respectively effective in removing nitrates. Regarding that removal of nitrate ion in drinking water should be in line with standards of the World Health Organization، providing an efficient method should also be dependent on considering engineering and economic aspects and regional atmospheric conditions.

The family physician system is among the most fundamental developments of Iran's health system in the recent years and customer’s satisfaction should be considered in the design of the system. This study aimed to investigate the customer's satisfaction from family physician services in the rural health centers related to Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences- 2012. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 266 individuals of rural customers in Sabzevar were selected using clustered random sampling method. Data were gathered using a Questionnaire and then were analyzed by descriptive statistics and SPSS 11. Excellent satisfaction from family physician services was as the following: 40.2% good, 15.8% moderate, and 0.4% weak. Excellent satisfaction was observed in Khoshab, Rodab, and Davarzan respectively (40.2%, 30.1%, and 29.7%).There was no statistical significant relationship between satisfactions and demographic factors. All in all, the family physician in Sabzevar has been successful and with modification of some defects based on feedback from the recipients of services, satisfaction will be even higher.

Contamination of soil by diesel fuel can pose serious problems to ecosystems. For this reason some ways to remove diesel fuel from soil were developed by a number of researchers. The aim of this research is to extract bio-surfactant for treating soil contaminated with diesel fuel. In this study, 4 soil samples were taken from fields that had been exposed to diesel fuel over the years. The microorganisms that were able to produce bio-surfactant and remove diesel fuel were isolated from these samples. Ability of microorganisms to produce bio-surfactant was evaluated by emulsification test (E24). Finally solved bio-surfactant into nutrients culture was extracted and measured. Four strains of bacteria were isolated in this study. Results indicated that all bacteria were gram negative. The highest emulsification index was obtained from bacteria isolated from gas fuel station soil. In this study 1.1 gram of bio-surfactant was extracted per one liter of nutrients culture containing bacteria. The results showed that, some special bacteria are able to product enough bio-surfactant to treat soil contaminated diesel fuel.

Human error incidence is inevitable in many occupational situations such as power plants, military industries, and chemical and nuclear industries and can cause disaster and damage. This study was, therefore, aimed to assess human errors in combined-cycle power-plant control room and to offer control solution using SHERPA technique. This cross-sectional study was performed in Yazd combined-cycle power plant. At first, all different activities of the unit were considered after interviewing the workers and consulting with supervisors, line managers and also by HTA hierarchical analysis. SHERPA systematic prediction approach was applied to identify potential human errors. 115 errors analyzed through SHERPA approach, The results indicated that among checking errors were the highest with 39.04%. This was followed by action errors with 38.08%, communication errors, 13.89%, and retrieval errors, 8.61%. It can thus be concluded that the most prevalent errors are checking and action errors. Therefore, it is suggested that work instructions, staff training and translation of instructions as well as employing inspection operators to monitor the performances should be considered as a priority.

Personal hygiene is one of the most important preventive tools in the field of public health, and military forces may be exposed to threats due to non-adherence to principles of personal hygiene. The aim of this study was assessing the situation of personal hygiene among military forces and identifying its determinants and related potential barriers. This is a cross-sectional study performed among 502 military forces from 10 military centers throughout Iran. These centers were selected randomly. The instrument for data collection was a self-report questionnaire including 5 sections: demographic information; knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding personal hygiene and the other part on potential barriers. The variables such as demographic information, knowledge and attitude served as independent variables and practice of personal hygiene was considered as dependent variable. Collected data were analyzed through SPSS software using student t-test, Pearson correlation and linear regression. The mean age of the participants was 33.04 (SD, 6.83), more than 84% of them were married. The most important sources to get information were TV and radio (72.3%). The knowledge (71.5%), attitude (63.7%), and practice (61.8%) among most of the participants were at optimal levels. The variables including job, knowledge, and attitude were significantly related to personal hygiene behavior (P<0.05). The determinants of personal hygiene were: military grade, duration of the work, job, knowledge, and attitude. Regarding the levels of knowledge, attitude and practice on personal hygiene, it is recommended to consider the suitable planning and intervention for improving these variables among military forces. More studies are suggested to be conducted for different military forces and other parts of the community to further identify influential factors and determine personal hygienic behavior.

fast and accurate information about the effectiveness of training in physical and mental health issues are considered medium duty. But it seems the media; especially local media are unaware of their duty. Research aims to attitude of the general public and health professionals on the role of media in the health field as well as their performance in the areas of pay. In this cross - sectional study population and public health experts Yazd who had 211 samples (experts) 246 people (ordinary people) were enrolled. Instrument was a questionnaire that collected information. Questionnaire After establishing the validity and reliability of the preliminary investigation stage to collect the required data was used in the final stage. Questionnaire contained a number of questions open and the study variables measure the. For analysis and statistical software SPSS By descriptive statistics and Chi-square test and U Whitney on 0/05 is used. A total of 368 participants in the study, 48/4% male and 51/6% female 19/6 cent singles and 80/4 percent of them are married. Both the public and professionals involved Local media on various topics such as health, agreed and there were no significant differences between the two groups. (P> 0.05). The only improvement in individuals false imagery the media's role in the health of local experts who evaluated more than ordinary people (P <0.05). Between ordinary people and experts perspective on public participation in the local media Yazd, there was no significant difference (P> 0.05). The people and experts believe that the media can play an important role in achieving public participation in the health field, but both groups had poor performance that shows current local media to assure in this area should be.

Decisions in health promotion are multidimensional. It means that there are multi criteria situations in decision-making for health promotion. Regarding the importance of designing ast selecting appropriate alternatives, some Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods for health promotion have been introduced ast explained in this article. Articles published in some reliable data bases such as Web of Sciences, Medline, Ebsco, Science Direct, Google scholar as well as some Persian articles ast dissertations specially in health education ast health promotion fields were reviewed. Reviewing health education ast health promotions articles ast dissertations published in Iran isticated that some decision-making techniques such as Delfi method, Brain Storming ast Nominal Groups ast some other approaches have been applied, but methods with mathematical, theoretical, ast reliable predictive power backgrousts have been ignored. Applying Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods that typically consider different factors simultaneously with economic assessment are necessary for health education ast health promotion interventions.

Homesickness is a problem for non-native students and a factor that is associated with this feeling is hardiness. In this regard, the present study was planned to assess the relationship between hardiness and homesickness in non-native students of Sistan and Baluchestan University. This is a descriptive - correlational study and its subjects were non-native students of Sistan and Baluchestan university in the academic year 2012-2013. Three hundred and thirty eight students were selected through random sampling method. The study instruments included hardiness scale (Kobasa, 1990) and Utrecht homesickness scale (Ejei et al. 2008). The scores were analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression by SPSS 17. A) Female students experience more homesickness than male students (p<0/01). B) Male students show more hardiness than female students (p<0/05). C) There were significant negative correlations between hardiness and homesickness (R: -0/798, P<0/01). D) Multiple regression results showed that from the three subscales of hardiness, commitment (T= -4/661, P<0/01) can explain and predict homesickness of the students. If students have higher level of hardiness, they will experience less homesickness.

Oral health problems comprise a significant negative influence on the quality of life among the affected individuals. Recent concerns about the correlation between poor oral hygiene and subsequent tooth loss, and the risk of oral cancer incidence have introduced a new field of study with regards to the community health. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between total antioxidant capacity of unstimulated whole saliva and the number of missing teeth. Ninety patients of Shahid-Sadoughi dental clinic, with the age rane of 30 to 49 years, volunteered to participate into this study. Their missed teeth were counted and samples of unstimulated whole saliva were obtained from all cases. The scores of total antioxidant capacity of saliva samples and missing teeth were statistically analyzed. According to ANOVA test, the tow measured indexes showed a negative and statistically meaningful correlation to each other (r=0.337, P=0.001) Tooth loss can lead to reduced total antioxidant capacity of saliva that may subsequently result in increased risk of some diseases, such as oral cancer.

Activity-based cost evaluation is used as a tool for accurate assessment and calculation of the cost of any operation. The aim of the present study was to estimate the cost of a single appendix surgery in Yazd Shaid Sadoughi Hospital using activity-based cost evaluation in 2011. This is an applied research that is descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective. Data were collected by interviewing hospital officials and other concerned departments, observing surgery section activities and investigating documents and the existing documents in Administrative and Logistics department. Then to estimate the contribution of other sectors in the surgery services sector, primarily apportionment was determined and then using two-way partitioning method (maths), estimated costs and using activity-based cost evaluation approach, cost was calculated using excel software in one appendix surgery unit. Based on the present study findings, the cost of one appendix surgery unit was calculated to be about 3,814,449 Rials including the cost of direct wage to be about 1,099,593 Rials (%29 of total cost share), the cost of medicine and direct consuming materials around1,162,946 Rials (% 30 of total cost share) and extra costs about 1,551,910 Rials (41% total cost share). Based on the present study, it is possible to improve the performance, especially the reform of human resource management practices and standardization of consumption in order to reduce consumer and service costs.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and the risk is higher among women who have close relatives with breast cancer. So the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and barriers to mammography in close relatives of breast cancer patients in sirjan. The study population consisted of 65 women, all close relatives (First-degree relatives including sister, mother and daughter and Second-degree relatives, including aunts and uncles) of breast cancer patients in the city of Sirjan by the year 1387 to the year 1391. Data were collected by the perceived barriers section of champion's Health Belief Model Scales (CHBMS) and were analyzed by spss19 Software, using chi-square, independent T and Kendall’ W tests. of participants, 86.1% were first-degree relatives (sister, mother and daughter) and 13.8% of them were second-degree relatives (aunts and uncles) of women with breast cancer and most of them were under 50 years of age. Despite the fact that, 88.9 % were housewife, 84.6% had an insurance coverage and 75.4 % had less than 10 km away mammography center, only 15.4 % of them had a mammogram. There was no significant difference in the mean score of perceived barriers to mammography among women who did (25.93) and those who did not (26.33) a mammogram. The only significant difference in mean score of perceived barriers was seen in the proportion of participant with breast cancer patients (p= 0/01). While the cost of mammography with a mean order of 7.85, fear of finding breast cancer with a mean order of 6.72 and mammography painfulness with a mean order of 5.97 were the greatest perceived barriers to mammography. As high cost of mammography is one of the most important perceived barriers requires that health services system, reduce mammography cost through provision of services in public centers and using more insurance coverage. Also, health professionals, should explain that the cost of a mammogram is minimal compared to the cost of treatment and encourage mammography in women at high risk. In addition, the fear of finding breast cancer and pain during mammography requires health professional's efforts to develop health promotion programs for breast cancer and benefits of mammography and outlines its steps that can minimize the fear and then increase regular use of screening programs.

Global investigations show that the elderly population is increasing because of the health care development. However, this group is continuously experiencing physical and mental problems. The elderly population is increasing in Iran too. In order to importance of this stage, the purpose of the present study was to determining the major stressful events and to examine their relation with depression and cognitive decline in elderly people of Yazd. For this purpose a group of 160 elders (100 males and 60 females) from the elders in Yazd were selected randomly by multistage cluster sampling. The Mini Mental Status Examination Questionnaire, Elders Stressful Life Events Inventory (created by researchers), and Geriatric Depression Scale were used to assess research variables. Data were analyzed using exploration factor analysis and Pearson correlation. Results of research indicated that events related to economic problems, social problems, occupational problems, health, bereavement were major stressors in elderly people. Indeed economic problems, social problems, occupational problems, health, bereavement were related to depression and social problems were related to cognitive decline. Overall, Aging is a lifetime of decreasing income, restricted social communication, and loss of social roles, health problems and bereavement. Stress of these problems have positive relationship with incidence of depressive symptoms and stress of social problems has positive relationship with incidence of cognitive decline.

Diabetes is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. One of the complications of this disorder is hypertension. Today besides the routine medication in oxidative diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, antioxidant supplementation is used. One of the antioxidants used in these diseases is CoQ10. The aim of this study is to find out This is a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial which was held on 70 type 2 diabetic patients in Yazd Diabetes Research Center in 2011.The diabetic patients were randomly divided into two groups, CoQ10 and placebo. The Two groups took two capsules containing 100mg CoQ10 or placebo every day for 12 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arteriole pressure (MAP) was measured at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. sixty two patients completed the study. The mean SBP,DBP and MAP of the Q10 group decreased in comparison with the control group after intervention. The mean of SBP decreased about of 12.65 mmHg in CoQ10 group compared to baseline. The mean of decline of DBP and MAP were 11.37 and 11.8 mmHG, respectively. This study revealed that CoQ10 supplementation significantly decreases the blood pressure in type 2 diabetes. Regarding to the results of this study and other reports, supplementation with CoQ10 can be recommended for diabetic patients especially in hypertension ones.

Diarrhea is the common complication after using antibiotics. The prevalence of diarrhea with Amoxicillin clavulanic is 10-25 %. Zinc sulfate can support the immune system and also can be useful in resistance of skin and mucosa to infection, increase nerve system development. zinc is one of the important Anti- oxidants and cell membrane stabilizers. The present study evaluate the effect of oral zinc sulfate in prevention of Amoxicillin clavulanic associated diarrhea in children aged 6 – 60 months In this randomized control trial, 120 children age range of 6 -60 months were divided into two equal group.The case group received zinc sulfate and co Amoxi clave, whereas control group received only co Amoxi clave. Data was gathered with questionnaire and then analyzed with independent statistical t.test and chi-squared test. Results indicated that prevalence of diarrhea after using co-Amoxi clave was 21.7% (30.5 % in the case and 13.1% in the control group)(P-value= 0.018) The results of this study pointed out that diarrhea was common after using co-Amoxiclave and using zinc sulfate cannot prevent Amoxiclave associated diarrhea and perhaps it can increase diarrhea.