فصلنامه زیست شناسی جانوری تجربی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، پاییز 1393)

The aim of present research study was to study influence of different levels of threonine amino acid (equal to requirements of NRC (1994)، average of NRC (1994) requirements and ROSS (2007)، requirements ROSS (2007) and more than requirements of ROSS (2007)) and age after hatching on interleukin-8 (IL8) gene expression in intestinal tissue in broiler chickens. Threonine requirements in accordance with the recommendations ROSS (2007) are 14% higher than NRC (1994). In the first experiment، effect of threonine on IL8 gene expression in the jejunum in Ross male broilers and also in the second experiment، effect of age on IL8 gene expression was studied after hatching. In the first experiment، different levels of threonine were: 1) 0. 8%، 2) 0. 87، 3) 0. 94 % and 4) 1. 01%. At 14 d، one bird from each replicate was killed and the jejunum tissue samples were obtained. In the second experiment، from first experiment 1 treatment that level of threonine amino acid diet was 0. 8%، at 1، 3، 6 and 9 d، a bird killed and jejunum tissue samples were obtained in accordance with first experiment. Trizol kit was used for RNA extraction. Then remove genomic remnants and cDNA was synthesized. Realtime PCR reactions using primers and SYBR Green kit was performed. Experiments results showed that IL8 mRNA expression in jejunum tissue increased during the first 14 days of live chickens with increase threonine amino acid level until 0. 94 percentage diet (P<0. 0001) and also with age increase (P<0. 01).

Some studies on the toxicity of gentamicin-induced oxygen metabolites involved would know. On the one hand due to the antioxidant properties of garlic aim of this study was to investigate the effect of shallot extract (Allium hirtifolium Boiss) after gentamicin administration in mice. The experimental study on 32 mice weighing 30±5 in 4 groups each 8 mice, 1 or control group receiving distilled water (0.7 ml), Group 2: treated with gentamicin dose 80 mg/kg to create Hepatic and renal impairment and groups 3 and 4, respectively, shallot extract in doses of 40 mg/kg and of 80 mg/kg with gentamicin (80 mg/kg) performed. Experimental period in all groups was 10 days. At the end of the experiment after 24 hours from the last injection, biochemical parameters, urea, creatinine, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase were measured by Routine enzymatic and laboratory methods. Administration of gentamicin combined with shallots (40 mg/kg) decreased alkaline phosphatase activity (92±40.36) compared with group 2 (158.73±40.36) and Group 1 (157.40±44.07) (p<0.05). The simultaneous administration of gentamicin- shallots in groups 3 (52.50±17.94) and 4 (42.29±17.42) caused a decrease in blood urea compared with group 2 (59.18±13.17) has been (p>0.05). Results showed that shallot extract may reduce biochemical factors resulting from the use of gentamicin.

Use of growth and feeding stimulators have proven to have an important role in the development of aquaculture industry. In this study, we investigated the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) and lactoferrin on growth and feeding indices of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss). 900 fish (average weight 20±2 g) were divided into 6 feeding treatments supplemented with different doses of L. plantarum and lactoferrin and were fed for two months. Growth and feeding parameters including wet weight (wet W), standard length (SL), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and condition factor (CF) were measured on days 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 and compared with the control group. The results showed that treatments receiving diets containing L. plantarum 108cfu/kg and treatments that received 200 mg/kg lactoferrin in diet had significantly higher growth compared to the control group (p<0.05). But combined use of L. plantarum and lactoferrin did not show any reinforcing effect on feeding and growth parameters. It seems that supplementation of 108cfu of L. plantarum and 200 mg of lactoferrin per kg of diet, alone, is more effective and less expensive way to enhance growth and feeding indices in rainbow trout compared to their combined use.

Valvulardiseases are a common problem and valvular replacement is usual treatment for valvular destruction. Tissue engineered heart valve has some advantages, that make them an interesting alternative for previous valves. the aim of this study is measurement of biochemical factors for evaluation of short term efficacy of tissue engineered heart valve. This study was undertaken on 5 male sheep with average weight of 45-55 kg. They have been of-feed 24 hours before of operation. The tissue engineered heart valves were placed in thoracic aorta and after surgery they connected to ventilator under SIMV mode. We took arterial blood sample every hours for 12 hours and evaluated, PCO2, PO2, tCO2, SO2, Hct, Na+ and K+. Arterial blood sample has been taken from auricularis artery. Blood pH fell down in all sheep after surgery but in two sheep as a result of sever blood loos during surgery pH went up toward acidosis, finally after 12 hours pH in all sheep was in normal range. After operation PCO2 was low an PO2 was high because of mechanical ventilation. All the factors backed to normal range after 12 hours of operation. this study shows biochemical factors had fluctuation in first 12 hours but after 12 hours most of them backed to normal range.

Lithium has a significant impact in reducing the symptoms of bipolar mania but in long periodes of use with therapeutic doses can cause several disorders in varios organs including the reproductive system. In this study reducing effect of lithium on sperm concentration and motility and forms of abnormal cells has been examined. Male Wistare rats under the 48-day treatment with lithium carbonate at doses of 10,20,30 mg/kg/bw/day were kept in standard conditions nest.At the end of this period sperm cells isolated from the cauda epidydimis and were counted, estimated motility and stained with smear papanicolaou stain. In lithium treated groops spermatogenesis rate and sperm quality were reduced and a dos dependent maner were seen. Lithium alters intracellular signaling pathways such as inositol phosphate metabolic cycle and cAMPsystem and ATP synthesis. Also interfiers the division of sex cells to produce mature sperm and changes the sperm cell membrain function and structure.

Given that the most important use of Artemia especially nauplius it reared fish and shrimp larvae. The nutrition and prey better nauplius by fish and shrimp larvae moving and afloat to be important. Therefore, in the present study the effects of different temperatures and salinities respectively 4temperature (20°C, 24°C, 28°C, 32°C) and 4 salinity (20ppt, 26ppt, 32ppt, 38ppt) on survival rate nauplius Artemia urimiana enriched with the emulsion high unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) examined. After was prepared Artemia urimiana cysts, purification, decapsulate and hatching, larvae (nauplius) obtained by the above-mentioned temperatures, salinities. During two rounds of enrichment, the enrichment time first (t0-t12) and enrichment time second (t12-t24), nauplius with the ICES 30/4/C emulsion fatty acids were enriched. Nauplius survival percent after t24 results obtained with the use of the statistical program SPSS and statistical factoria analysis t- test or T-student was done and charting noted the Excell software design. Results showed that the highest survival percent nauplius ofArtemia urmiana in the temperature range 20°C to 28°C and salinity of 20ppt, 26ppt, 32ppt, 38ppt about 96% respectively. Reduced survival at 32°C and salinities could be due to increased catabolism associated and proliferation of waste materials in the environment.

The present study was performed to determine the prevalence rate and diversity of Eimeria species among sheep population in Garmsar city, Iran. Faecal samples (approximately 3-5 g) were obtained from the rectums of 400 sheep during four seasons in 2013-2014. The sheep were divided in to three groups (less than 6 months old, 6-12 months old, over 12 months old). Number of oocysts per gram (OPG) of faeces was determined by the standard Mc Master technique and identification of genus and species of oocysts was done on sporulation. The result showed an overall prevalence of (19.7%) for coccidiosis. Seven Species of Eimeria included E. parva, E. ovina, E. crandalis, E. ovinoidalis, E. ahsata, E. intricate and E. weybridgensis were recognized. There was significant difference in the prevalence rate of infection between seasons (P<0.05). There was significant difference in the prevalence rate of infection between different age groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of infection between male and female sheep (P>0.1). There was significant difference in OPG between different seasons (P<0.05) and the maximum OPG was observed in winter. There was no significant difference in the OPG between age groups and also between male and female sheep (P>0.05). The results of this study showed Eimeria infection as a prevalent infection in sheep, in Garmsar city, Iran.

This study was performed to determine the effect of Phallocryptus spinosa as a diet on fecundity and hatching performance of 4 trade valuable prawn ornamental fish genera, including Angel Fish (Pterophyllum scalare), Green Tailor (Aequidens rivulatus), Gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus), and Afra (Cynotilapia afra). Prawn ornamental fish genera, were studied in two test groups feeding with cow heart and spinach – and fairy shrimp (Phallocryptus spinosa) in one treatment and two replicates for a month in controlled condition and sultable for each genera. Also, additionally, all fish were fed granulated concentrate daily. Between group comparison in each genera showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in each studied group as in all genera, Feeding with fairy shrimp showed a significant higher fecundity and hatching percentage compared to manual diets (p< 0.05). in addition to significant color change of prawns, In all groups fed with fairy shrimp the duration of spawning time were reduced significantly. Therefore, feeding on Phallocryptus spinosa can increase reproductive performance in mentioned prawn ornamental fish.